February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

Immigration History

Immigration Act of 1917

February 5, 1917: Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1917, also known as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act, over President Woodrow Wilson’s veto. Intended to prevent “undesirables” from immigrating to the United States, the act primarily targeted individuals migrating from Asia. The Act barred people from “any country not owned by the U.S. adjacent to the continent of Asia”  from immigrating to the United States. The bill also utilized an English literacy test and an increased tax of eight dollars per person for immigrants aged sixteen years and older.

The new bill was not meant to impact immigrants from Northern and Western Europe but targeted Asian, Mexican, and Mediterranean immigrants in an attempt to curb their migration. One author of the bill, Alabama Congressman John Burnett, estimated it would exclude approximately forty percent of Mediterranean immigrants, ninety percent of those from Mexico, and all Indian and non-Caucasian immigrants.

The bill also restricted the immigration of people with mental and physical handicaps, the poor, and people with criminal records or suspected of being involved in prostitution. Proponents claimed the bill would keep burdensome immigrants from entering the country and thus “promote the moral and material prosperity” of new immigrants permitted to enter.

The bill remained law for thirty-five years, until the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 eliminated racial restrictions in immigration and naturalization statutes. (Smithsonian article) (see Mar 2)

Trump ban denied

February 5, 2017: a federal appeals court rejected a request by the Justice Department to immediately restore President Trump’s targeted travel ban, deepening a legal showdown over his authority to tighten the nation’s borders in the name of protecting Americans from terrorism.

In the legal back and forth over the travel ban, the United States District Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco said a reply from the Trump administration was due the next day. (see Feb 6)

Trump’s Wall

February 5, 2019: Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham of New Mexico ordered the withdrawal of the majority of the state’s National Guard troops from the U.S. border with Mexico, in a move that challenges President Trump’s description of a security crisis.

Grisham announced the partial withdrawal shortly before Trump’s State of the Union address. Her Republican predecessor deployed National Guard troops to the border in April 2018 at Trump’s suggestion, and 118 remained there before Tuesday’s reversal.

“New Mexico will not take part in the president’s charade of border fear-mongering by misusing our diligent National Guard troops,” Lujan Grisham said in a statement.

At the same time, the governor said a small contingent — around a dozen guardsmen — will remain in the southwestern corner of the state to assist with humanitarian needs in a remote corridor for cross-border immigration. She also mobilized state police to assist local law enforcement. (IH & TW, see Feb 11 or see TW for expanded post on wall)

Global Entry

February 5, 2020: the NYT reported that the Department of Homeland Security had temporarily barred New Yorkers from enrolling in Global Entry and similar programs that allowed travelers to speed through borders and airport lines, escalating a conflict between the Trump administration and the state over a law that allows undocumented immigrants to obtain driver’s licenses.

Chad Wolf, the acting secretary of homeland security, said in a letter to the New York State government that residents would no longer be able to apply for such programs because of the so-called Green Light Law. That measure prevents agencies like Immigration and Customs Enforcement, which arrests and deports undocumented immigrants, as well as Customs and Border Protection from gaining access to the state’s Department of Motor Vehicles databases without a court order. (next IH, see Feb 7)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

February 5, 1953: President Dwight Eisenhower spoke at the first National Prayer Breakfast, held in Washington, D.C. The breakfast became an annual event and every president since has spoken at it.

The Fellowship Foundation, a conservative Christian group organized the breakfast, but it is “hosted” by members of the Congress, making it potentially a government-sponsored religious activity in violation of the Establishment Clause (it depends on whether it is officially sponsored by some members or Congress as a body).      The secretive Fellowship is also referred to as “The Family.” The Prayer Breakfast was part of a national effort to promote religion, which included adding the words “under God” to the Pledge of Allegiance (see Pledge for expanded chronology)

For its first fifteen years, the breakfast was sex-segregated, with separate events in different rooms for men and women. President Richard Nixon was the first to preside over a gender-integrated breakfast. (next Separation, see June 28, 1957)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

February 5 Music et al

Roots of Rock

February 5, 1957: Bill Haley and the Comets disembarked from the Queen Elizabeth at Southampton to launch the first European tour ever by a major American rock-and-roll act. When Haley and his band reached London’s Waterloo Station later that same day, mayhem ensued. Thousands of fans formed a crush at the station to greet the group in a raucous display the press dubbed “the Second Battle of Waterloo.”

For the generation of war babies just becoming teenagers in Great Britain, Haley’s tour offered the first chance to see a real, live rock-and-roll show. Those shows made a particularly strong impression on certain members of that generation who would go on to change the course of music history. (see Feb 22)

Acid Test

February 5, 1966: Acid Test in Los Angeles at the Sepulveda Unitarian Universalist Society Church, called “The Onion” because of its architecture.  

Minister Paul Swayer had met Pranksters’ leader Ken Kesey at the annual California Unitarian Church conference at Asilomar State Beach. According to Sawyer’s memoir, Prankster Ken Babbs called to ask if they could put on an Acid Test, and Sawyer said they could as long as they didn’t give out acid to the audience. (see Feb 11)

Petula Clark

February 5 – 18, 1966: “My Love” by Petula Clark #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Cultural Milestone

February 5, 1967: the first episode of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour aired on CBS. The show pushed the boundaries of what was typically acceptable on television at that time. (see July)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

Nuclear/Chemical Weapons News

February 5, 1958: a 7,600-pound Mark 15 hydrogen bomb was lost in the waters off Tybee Island near Savannah, GA, by the US Air Force. The Air Force had been running practice exercises at about 2 AM that morning when the B-47 bomber carrying the bomb collided in midair with an F-86 fighter plane. The F-86 pilot ejected before the collision but the B-47 remained airborne. Struggling, the pilot requested permission to jettison the bomb to reduce weight and prevent the bomb from exploding during an emergency landing.

Permission was granted and the bomb was jettisoned at 7,200 feet while the bomber was traveling about 200 knots. When the bomb struck the sea, no explosion was seen. The B-47 safely landed at the nearby Hunter Air Force Base.

The bomb was never found although it was thought to have been found in 2004 (ABC News article). (see Feb 6)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

Byron De La Beckwith

February 5, 1964: Byron De La Beckwith took the witness stand in his defense and said he did not kill Medgar W. Evers. (see Feb 7)

Exactly 30 years later on February 5, 1994 (after his third trial) after six hours of deliberation a jury of eight blacks and four whites unanimously convicted Byron de la Beckwith of murder and immediately sentenced to life in prison.  (BH, see Apr 18; ME, see December 22, 1997)

Howard Beach

On December 20, 1986 white teens in Howard Beach had chased Michael Griffith, an African-American youth, onto a freeway where he was hit by a motorist. Griffith died from his injuries setting off a wave of protests and racial tensions in New York.

On February 5, 1988 Scott Kern received a sentence of six to eighteen years imprisonment for the death of Griffith. (see Feb 11)

Stop and Frisk Policy

February 5, 2007: angered by stop-and-frisk statistics, Rev. Al Sharpton says he’ll initiate a suit against the NYPD. (see July 28)

Trayvon Martin Shooting

February 5, 2013: Judge Debra Nelson denied a motion by George Zimmerman’s lawyer Mark O’Mara to delay the trial date of June 10. O’Mara argued that the prosecution has been slow to turn over evidence and that he did not have enough time to prepare his case. Zimmerman remained free on $1 million bond — with GPS monitoring– while awaiting trial. (Stand, see  May 24; Trayvon, see April 5)

Laquan McDonald

February 5, 2019:  it was reported that fellow inmates assaulted Jason Van Dyke soon after his being transferred to a prison in Danbury, Connecticut earlier this month. Jennifer Blagg, his attorney, said that Van Dyke suffered facial injuries.

Van Dyke was moved the Federal Correctional Institution in Otisville, about 75 miles northwest of New York City in March.  (B & S, see Mar 2; LM, see Mar 19)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

Vietnam

February 5, 1973: services were held at Arlington National Cemetery for U.S. Army Col. William B. Nolde, the last official American combat casualty before the Vietnam cease-fire took effect. (LA Times article) (see Feb 11)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

Sara Jane Moore

February 5, 1979, Sara Jane Moore, (convicted of trying to assassinate President Ford in 1975) escaped from a minimum-security Federal prison but was recaptured about four hours later.  (see December 31, 2007)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

Jack Kevorkian

February 5, 1991: a Michigan court barred Kevorkian from assisting in suicides. (see Kevorkian for expanded story)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

US Labor History

February 5, 1993: President Bill Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act. The law required most employers of 50 or more workers to grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for a family or medical emergency. (see Apr 28)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

CLINTON IMPEACHMENT

February 5, 1998: Ken Starr said his inquiry was “moving very quickly and we’ve made very significant progress.”  (see Clinton for expanded story)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

IRAQ War II

February 5, 2003: Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the UN Security Council on Iraq and weapons of mass destruction. (see Feb 10)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

Consumer Protection

February 5, 2014: CVS/Caremark, the country’s largest drugstore chain, announced that it planned to stop selling cigarettes and other tobacco products by October. (see June 16, 2015)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

Sexual Abuse of Children

United Nations report

February 5, 2014: the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child denounced the Holy See for adopting policies which allowed priests to sexually abuse thousands of children. In a report, it criticized Vatican attitudes towards homosexuality, contraception and abortion.

The Committee said that “the Holy See has not acknowledged the extent of the crimes committed, has not taken the necessary measures to address cases of child sexual abuse and to protect children, and has adopted policies and practices which have led to the continuation of the abuse by and the impunity of the perpetrators.”

The committee also said the “practice of offenders’ mobility”, referring to the transfer of child abusers from parish to parish within countries, and sometimes abroad, placed “children in many countries at high risk of sexual abuse, as dozens of child sexual offenders are reported to be still in contact with children“.

The Vatican responded by saying it would examine the report – but also accused its authors of interference.  (LGBTQ, see Feb 9; BC, see Feb 21; Abuse, see Feb 18)

Larry Nassar

February 5, 2018: adding to long prison terms Larry Nassar already faced for additional sex crimes, Judge Janice Cunningham sentenced the former USA Gymnastics and Michigan State University team doctor to another 40 to 125 years in prison for sexually abusing young athletes under the guise of medical treatment.

“I am not convinced that you truly understand that what you did was wrong and the devastating impact that you have had on the victims, their families and friends,” Cunningham told Nassar in court before handing down the punishment. “Clearly you are in denial. You don’t get it. And I do not believe that there is a likelihood that you could be reformed.” (SAC & Nassar, see May 16)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

Voting Rights

February 5, 2018: the US Supreme Court refused to stay the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s order requiring lawmakers to redraw the state’s congressional map, which the state court had found to be marred by partisan gerrymandering. (VR, see Feb 6; PA, see Mar 19)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

Trump Impeachment

February 5,2020: the NYT reported that, after five months of hearings, investigations and cascading revelations about President Trump’s dealings with Ukraine, a divided United States Senate acquitted him of charges that he abused his power and obstructed Congress to aid his own re-election, bringing an acrimonious impeachment trial to its expected end.

In a pair of votes whose outcome was never in doubt, the Senate fell well short of the two-thirds margin that would have been needed to remove Mr. Trump, formally concluding the three-week-long trial of the 45th president that has roiled Washington and threatened the presidency. The verdicts came down almost entirely upon party lines, with every Democrat voting “guilty” on both charges and Republicans uniformly voting “not guilty” on the obstruction of Congress charge.

Only one Republican, Senator Mitt Romney of Utah, broke with his party to judge Mr. Trump guilty of abuse of power. (next TI, see Feb 7 or see Trump for expanded chronology)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

LGBTQ

February 5, 2020: the federal government agreed to allow federally funded foster care agencies in South Carolina to deny services to same-sex or non-Christian couples.

The waiver issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services would allow Greenville’s Miracle Hill Ministries to continue as a state-supported foster care agency.

As part of the waiver’s requirements, any family that Miracle Hill does not allow to take care of foster children must be referred to other agencies or the state Department of Social Services.

Gay rights groups and non-Christian religious groups opposed the waiver, saying it would cut down on the number of people willing to be foster parents and allows public money to take away rights. [NBC New story] (next LGBTQ, see June 12)

February 5 Peace Love Art Activism

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

First state-run prison

February 4, 1846: the Alabama state legislature voted to construct the first state-run prison on January 26, 1839. In 1841, Alabama built the Wetumpka State Penitentiary. The prison received its first inmate in 1842: a white man sentenced to 20 years for harboring a runaway slave. In the antebellum penitentiary, 99 percent of inmates were white, as free black people were not legally permitted to live in the state, and enslaved black people were instead subject to unregulated “plantation justice” at the hands of slave owners and overseers.

The penitentiary was supposed to be self-sufficient, but soon proved costly as the prison industries of manufacturing wagons, buggies, saddles, harnesses, shoes, and rope failed to generate enough funds to maintain the facility. On February 4, 1846, the state legislature chose to lease the penitentiary to J.G. Graham, a private businessman, for a six-year term. Graham appointed himself warden and took control of the entire prison and its inmates, claiming all profits made from inmate labor and eliminating every other employment position except physician and inspector. Alabama continued to lease the prison to private businessmen until 1862, when warden/leaser Dr. Ambrose Burrows was murdered by an inmate.

This initial leasing of the prison and its inmates marked the beginning of the convict leasing system in Alabama, and that system was soon renewed. In 1866, after the end of the Civil War, the government again authorized inmates to be leased to work outside of the prison, and 374 prisoners were leased to the firm Smith & McMillen to work rebuilding the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad. In this post-Emancipation society, black people were no longer enslaved, and the convict population that was formerly almost all white was now 90 percent black. The system of convict leasing became one that forced primarily black prisoners – some convicted of minor or trumped up charges – to work in hard, dangerous, conditions for no pay. This practice continued until World War II. (see February)

Greensoro NC sit-in

February 4, 1960: The Greensoro NC sit in continued. On February 4, 1960 more than 300 students participated in the protests. Students from N.C. A&T, Bennett College and Dudley High School occupied every seat at the lunch counter. Three white supporters (Genie Seaman, Marilyn Lott and Ann Dearsley) from the Woman’s College of the University of North Carolina (now UNCG), joined the protest. As tensions grew, police kept the crowd in check. Waiting students then marched to the basement lunch counter at S.H. Kress & Co., the second store targeted by the Student Executive Committee, and the Greensboro sit-ins spread.

That evening, student leaders, college administrators and representatives from F.W. Woolworth and Kress stores held talks. The stores refused to integrate as long as other downtown facilities remained segregated. Students insisted the F.W. Woolworth and Kress retail stores would remain targets, and the meeting ended without resolution. (see GB4 for expanded chronology)

Malcolm X

February 4, 1965: 17 days before he was assassinated, Malcolm X spoke at the Brown Chapel in Selma. King  was still in jail and the SNCC had invited Malcolm X to speak to the young civil rights activists. Malcolm compared the “house Negro” and the “field Negro” and talked about the importance of not becoming complacent in “massa’s house” or comfortable with the status of being an oppressed people.

Coretta Scott King later reported that X said to her: “Mrs. King, I want you to tell your husband that I had planned to visit him in jail here in Selma, but I won’t be able to do it now. I have to go back to New York because I have to attend a conference in Europe, an African student conference, and I want you to say to him that I didn’t come to Selma to make his job more difficult, but I thought that if the white people understood what the alternative was that they would be more inclined to listen to your husband. And so that’s why I came.” (BH, see Feb 11; MLK, see Mar 9; MX, see Feb 14)

George Whitmore, Jr

February 4, 1965: NY Governor Nelson Rockefeller refused  the NAACP’s demand for an investigation. The Governor stated that he had “no jurisdiction over the courts and therefore it would be inappropriate to seek to intervene in matters pending before them.”

Whitmore’s attorney, Stanley J Reiben, filed an affidavit opposing a blue-ribbon jury. Reiben said that such a jury would be a “lily-white all-male” jury, which would enhance “the conviction ration of the District attorney.” (see Whitmore for expanded story)

Amadou Diallo

February 4, 1999: four New York City Police Department plain-clothed officers (Sean Carroll, Richard Murphy, Edward McMellon and Kenneth Boss) shoot and kill 23-year-old Guinean immigrant Amadou Diallo. The four officers fired a total of 41 shots hitting Diallo nineteen times. (see Mar 9)

Laquan McDonald

February 4, 2019: federal Judge Robert Dow Jr allowed Janet Mondragon, Daphne Sebastian and Richard Viramontes (the three Chicago police officers associated with of the 2014 killing of Laquan McDonald) as well as Fraternal Order of Police Lodge 7 to continue their lawsuit alleging a violation of due process rights. (B & S and LM, see  Feb 4)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

US Labor History

Interstate Commerce Act

February 4, 1887: Interstate Commerce Act created the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate Railroads, the first industry to be subject to Federal regulation. (see Feb 7)

Ironworkers unionize

February 4, 1896: iron workers from six cities met in Pittsburgh to form the Int’l Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers of America. Their pay in Pittsburgh at the time: $2.75 for a 9-hour day. (see May 5)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

Yalta Conference

February 4, 1945: Yalta Conference. (Ukraine, SSR). Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Josef Stalin meet in the Soviet resort town of Yalta to make plans for the postwar era. In a problematic compromise, Roosevelt accedes to Churchill’s and Stalin’s plans for spheres of influence in Europe even while convincing the British and Soviet leaders to sign on to a statement affirming the principles of democracy. (see Apr 23)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

INDEPENDENCE DAY

February 4, 1948: Sri Lanka independent from from the United Kingdom.  (see April 15, 1948)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

FREE SPEECH

February 4, 1951: thirty-nine religious leaders, including Protestant ministers and Jewish Rabbis, urged the New York State Board of Regents not to revoke the license of the controversial Italian film, The Miracle . The article in The New York Times did not mention the well-known fact that leaders of the Catholic Church were leading the fight to ban the film.

The controversy eventually ended in the U.S. Supreme Court when, in the landmark decision Burstyn v. Wilson, decided on May 26, 1952  and which involved The Miracle, the Court ruled that movies were a form of expression protected by the First Amendment. (see June 4)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

Cultural Milestones

Drinking and driving

February 4, 1964: Robert F. Borkenstein et al. published  “The Role of the Drinking Driver in Traffic Accidents,” also known as the Grand Rapids Study, for Indiana University’s Department of Police Administration. It stated that the probability of accident involvement increased rapidly at alcohol levels over .08 percent and became extremely high at levels over .15 percent. … Drivers with an alcohol level of .06 percent have an estimated probability of causing an accident double that of a sober driver. Drivers with .10 percent B.A.L. are from six to seven times as likely to cause an accident as one with .00 percent alcohol level. When the .15 percent alcohol level is reached, the probability of causing an accident is estimated at more than 25 times the probability for that of a sober driver. (see Mar 30)

Mark Zuckerberg

 

February 4, 2004: Mark Zuckerberg launched the social networking website Facebook. (see Aug 19)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

February 4 Music et al

Rock Venues

February 4, 5, and 6, 1966: Chet  Helms founded Family Dog Productions to begin promoting concerts at The Fillmore Auditorium, alternating weekends with promoter, Bill Graham. (see Fillmore Auditorium for more) (see Feb 19)

Beat Generation

February 4, 1968: on February 3, 1968, Neal Cassady had attended a wedding party in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico. After the party, he went walking along a railroad track to reach the next town, but passed out in the cold and rainy night wearing nothing but a T-shirt and jeans. In the morning, he was found in a coma by the tracks, reportedly by Anton Black, who carried Cassady over his shoulders to the local post office building.

Cassady was then transported to the closest hospital where he died a few hours later on February 4, four days short of his 42nd birthday.

Both a major figure of the Beat Generation and the psychedelic era of the 1960s. Drove Ken Kesey’s famous bus, Furthur, cross-country to 1964 NY World’s Fair. (2012 New Yorker article) (LSD, see Oct 24; BG, see October 21, 1969)

John Lennon

February 4, 1972: after reading FBI surveillance reports, US Senator Strom Thurmond told Attorney General John Mitchell that Lennon should be deported because he consorted with known radicals such as Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman. (see Feb 9)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

Symbionese Liberation Army

February 4, 1974: Three members of the S.L.A. forced their way into Patti Hearst’s apartment, beat her fiancé Steven Weed and abducted her. Hearst was the newspaper heiress and  a 19-year-old Berkeley student. (see SLA for expanded story)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

LGBTQ

Oliver W. Sipple

February 4, 1989: Oliver W. Sipple, the former marine who thwarted an assassination attempt on President Gerald R. Ford, died in his apartment in San Francisco.  (NYT obit)

He was 47 years old. He unsuccessfully sued the press for exposing him as a homosexual. Later,  the California Supreme Court dismissed Sipple’s suit.

A spokesman for the coroner’s office in San Francisco said that Mr. Sipple had been dead several days when a friend found his body. The spokesman said that an autopsy had not yet been performed but that Mr. Sipple had apparently died of ”natural causes.” In an account yesterday about his death, The San Francisco Examiner said he had received treatment in recent years for schizophrenia, alcoholism and several other health problems. (see OWS for expanded chronology; next LGTBQ, see Oct 1)

Massachusetts & same-sex marriage

February 4, 2004: The Massachusetts high court ruled that only full, equal marriage rights for gay couples, not civil unions, would be constitutional. “The history of our nation has demonstrated that separate is seldom, if ever, equal,” an advisory opinion from the four justices who ruled in favor of gay marriage stated. A bill creating only civil unions, not full marriage rights, would be “unconstitutional, inferior, and discriminatory status for same-sex couples.” (see Feb 12)

Military/Transgender

February 4, 2019:  Major General Matthew Beevers, the assistant adjutant general for the California National Guard told the California State Assembly’s Veterans Affairs Committee that they will not comply with Donald Trump’s transgender military ban.

“As long as you fight, we don’t care what gender you identify as.” (see Feb 16)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

CLINTON IMPEACHMENT

Ken Starr

February 4, 1998: word came that Independent Counsel Ken Starr has rejected the latest written statement by Monica Lewinsky’s lawyers seeking immunity from prosecution for her. Their on-again, off-again immunity discussions are off. 

Monica Lewinsky

February 4, 1999: on a 70-30 vote, the Senate decided not to call Monica Lewinsky to testify in person at the trial, but clears the way for House prosecutors to present excerpts of videotaped depositions. (see Clinton for expanded story)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

STAND YOUR GROUND

On March 14, 2012 Paul Miller had shot and killed his neighbor Dana Mulhall.  

On February 4, 2013, Miller claimed a “Stand Your Ground” defense.

On May 24, 2013 a Flagler County (Florida) jury convicted Paul Miller, 66 of murder in the shooting death Mulhall (Flagler Live cot com article). The jury had been told that Miller went inside his house to retrieve his loaded hand gun off the top of a curio, concealed it by putting it in his back waistband before going outside and shooting Mulhall five times.

“Miller’s actions prove he intended to kill Mr. Mulhall. He was combative in his language, gesture and actions,” said Assistant State Attorney Jaquelyn Roys. “If indeed the defendant feared his neighbor, as he claimed, he had an opportunity to call the police when he went inside the house. Instead, Miller chose to confront his neighbor with gunfire.”  Miller had claimed self-defense, saying he lived in fear of his neighbor. The jury deliberated 90 minutes before finding Miller guilty. (next Stand Your Ground, see Feb 5; Miller, see May 24)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

Foxconn

February 4, 2013: Foxconn widened the scope of union elections in China. The move followed a series of recommendations from an international panel hired by Apple to audit conditions for the 1.2 million workers in Foxconn’s mainland factories. Foxconn said it will deepen employees’ involvement in union elections so the unions can more effectively represent their interests. It said it hopes this will impact labor standards throughout China. Foxconn previously came under heavy scrutiny for labor policies that allegedly led a dozen workers to commit suicide. It has also faced increasing protests and strikes as Chinese workers become increasingly aware of labor rights. (see July 15, 2013)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

Cannabis

February 4, 2015:  U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy stated that cannabis use could be beneficial for certain medical conditions and symptoms, the first time in the nation’s history that a sitting Surgeon General acknowledged cannabis as a legitimate medicine.

“We have some preliminary data showing that for certain medical conditions and symptoms that marijuana can be helpful,” Surgeon General Vivek Murthy told CBS News.

Murthy went on to say that he believed the data should be the driving force in lawmakers determining future policies for cannabis; “I think we have to use that data to drive policy-making, and I’m very interested to see where that data takes us,” he said.  (next Cannabis, see Feb 24 or see CCC for expanded chronology)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

Immigration History

February 4, 2017: Justice Department appealed Judge Robart’s ruling saying that the president had the constitutional authority to order the ban and that the court ruling “second-guesses the president’s national security judgment.”

In a Twitter post,  Trump wrote, “The opinion of this so-called judge, which essentially takes law-enforcement away from our country, is ridiculous and will be overturned!” (NYT article) (see Feb 5)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

Pledge of Allegiance

February 4, 2019: authorities arrested an 11-year-old boy following a confrontation at school over his refusal to stand for the Pledge of Allegiance, which he reportedly called racist against black people.

He was charged with disrupting a school function and resisting arrest after allegedly threatening his substitute teacher at Lawton Chiles Middle Academy in Lakeland following an argument,

“The student became disruptive and the teacher contacted school administrators for assistance,” Kyle Kennedy, a spokesman for Polk County Public Schools, told the news outlet. “The school’s resource deputy also became involved.”

Kennedy added that students are not required to stand for the pledge, which he said the teacher was apparently not aware of. She will no longer be employed at any of Polk County’s schools, he said.

According to local station Bay News 9, which obtained a copy of the report, the sixth-grader called the American flag racist and the national anthem offensive to black people.

The teacher asked him: “Why if it was so bad here he did not go to another place to live.”

He replied: “They brought me here.”

She then suggested that he “can always go back.”

The boy’s mother, Dhakira Talbot, spoke out against the teacher’s behavior and insisted that the charges against him be dropped.

“She was wrong. She was way out of place,” she told Bay News 9. “If she felt like there was an issue with my son not standing for the flag, she should’ve resolved that in a way different manner than she did.” (see Mar 6)

February 4 Peace Love Art Activism

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

Feminism, BLACK HISTORY & Voting Rights

February 3, 1870: the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified. It states that “the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and other feminists will develop a constitutional argument stating that the Fifteenth Amendment’s gender-neutral language and the transfer of control over suffrage from the states to the federal government, coupled with the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, resulted in a constitutional protection for women’s right to vote.  (Feminism & Voting Rights, see Nov 5, 1872; BH, see Feb 25)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

FEMINISM

Voting Rights

February 3, 1918: Suffragist Lucy Burns notified the NY Board of Education that she declined the teaching position in the Bay Ridge High School. There had been a number of complaints because of her previous arrests and time in jail. (see Mar 4)

Malala Yousafzai

February 3, 2013: Birmingham’s Queen Elizabeth Hospital doctors said that they were “very pleased” with Yousufzai’s progress after five hours of skull reconstruction and ear surgery. (Feminism, see  Feb 11; MY, see July 11)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

Winfred Lynn

February 3, 1944: the Second Circuit Court of Appeals on this day rejected Winfred Lynn’s challenge to the racially segregated draft during World War II. Lynn was an African-American gardener from Long Island, New York, who refused to cooperate with the segregated draft.

Lynn’s challenge was based on the 1940 Selective Service Act law that established a military draft in preparation for World War II. It included a clause prohibiting racial discrimination. Nonetheless, the U.S. Armed Forces continued to maintain separate drafts for whites and African-Americans — and segregated military units. Civil rights leader. 

The U.S. District Court rejected Lynn’s case on December 4, 1942, and on this day by a vote of 2–1 the Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the lower court’s decision.(see Feb 16)

Family Sentenced to Death

February 3, 1948:  Rosa Lee Ingram, a Black woman, and two of her children, Wallace, 17, and Sammie Lee, 14, were convicted by an all-white jury in a one-day trial in Ellaville, Georgia. The three family members were sentenced to death by electric chair for killing an armed white man in self-defense after he violently assaulted and threatened them.

After a post-trial motion and pressure from civil rights activists, the trial judge changed the Ingrams’ sentences to life imprisonment—then in July 1948, the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed their convictions and life sentences. Though Ms. Ingram and her sons no longer had death sentences, they were sent to the state penitentiary and were each forced to serve more than a decade in prison for daring to defend themselves against a violent, armed assault by a white man. The Ingrams were not released on parole until 1959. [EJI story]  (next BH, see )

Autherine Lucy

February 3, 1956: despite roadblock after roadblock, Autherine Lucy enrolled as a graduate student in library science, becoming the first African American ever admitted to a white public school or university in the Alabama. (see Autherine Lucy for expanded story; next BH, see Feb 6)

The Greensboro Four

February 3, 1960: more than 60 students, one-third of them female, returned to the Greensboro store and sat down at every available lunch counter seat. Students from Bennett College and Dudley High School increased the number of protesters, and many carpooled to and from the F.W. Woolworth store to sit-in shifts. 

Members of the Ku Klux Klan, including the state’s official chaplain George Dorsett, were present. White patrons taunted the students as they studied. A statement issued from F.W. Woolworth’s national headquarters read that company policy was “to abide by local custom.” (see G4 for expanded chronology)

Terrorism

February 3, 2014: the Justice Department and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Middle District of Alabama announced that Steven Joshua Dinkle, 28, former Exalted Cyclops of the Ozark, Ala., chapter of the International Keystone Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), pleaded guilty in federal court to hate crime and obstruction of justice charges for his role in a 2009 cross burning. (see Mar 4)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

US Labor History

Loewe v Lawlor

February 3, 1908: in Loewe v Lawlor,  the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that union-sponsored boycotts were illegal and applied the Sherman Antitrust Act to labor as well as capital. It was also decided that individual unionists could be held personally liable for damages incurred by the activities of their union. (see  Mar 10)

United States v. Darby Lumber Co

February 3, 1941:  in United States v. Darby Lumber Co, the United States Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, holding that the U.S. Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions thus banning child labor and establishing the 40-hour work week. (see Mar 8)

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The Red Scare

February 3, 1950: authorities in Great Britain arrested Klaus Fuchs, a German-born British scientist who helped developed the atomic bomb, for passing top-secret information about the bomb to the Soviet Union. The arrest of Fuchs led authorities to several other individuals involved in a spy ring, culminating with the arrest of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and their subsequent execution.  (RS, see Feb 9; Nuclear/Chemical News, see Mar 1)

February 3, 1962:  President Kennedy banned all trade with Cuba. (see CMC for expanded chronology)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

February 3 Music et al

Winter Dance Party

 

February 3, 1959: Winter Dance Party tour performers (see Jan 23 music et al) Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. “The Big Bopper” Richardson died in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa.

“It was already snowing at Minneapolis, and the general forecast for the area along the intended route indicated deteriorating weather conditions,” wrote the Civil Aeronautics Board investigators six months after the crash. “The ceiling and visibility were lowering…and winds aloft were so high one could reasonably have expected to encounter adverse weather during the estimated two-hour flight.” All of this information was available to 21-year-old pilot Roger Peterson, if only he had asked for it. Instead, he relied on an incomplete weather report and on the self-confidence of youth in making the decision to take off from Clear Lake, Iowa, shortly after midnight on February 3, 1959. Untrained and uncertified in instrument-only flight, Peterson was flying into conditions that made visual navigation impossible. “Considering all of these facts,” the investigating authorities concluded, “the decision to go seems most imprudent.” (see April 27)

Bob Dylan

February 3, 1964: Dylan, along with friends Victor Maymudes (his first road manager),  Pete Karman (Suze Rotolo’s request to keep an eye on Dylan), and Paul “Pablo” Clayton (his tune was appropriated by Dylan for “Don’t Think Twice.”

Though Dylan would play a few concerts on the trip, it’s main purpose was to imitate Jack Kerouac’s novel On the Road.

Among the songs he wrote on the trip were: “Chimes of Freedom” and “Mr Tambourine Man” (see Feb 25)

Green Tambourine

February 3 – 9, 1968: “Green Tambourine” by the Lemon Pipers #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCLiRyO2D8U

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

Space Race

February 3, 1966: the Soviet Union accomplished the first controlled landing on the moon, when the unmanned spacecraft Lunik 9 touched down on the Ocean of Storms. After its soft landing, the circular capsule opened like a flower, deploying its antennas, and began transmitting photographs and television images back to Earth. (History dot com article) (see Mar 4)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

February 3, 1983: speaking at the annual National Prayer Breakfast, President Ronald Reagan issued a Proclamation designating 1983 the “Year of the Bible.” He issued the proclamation in response to a Congressional resolution advocating such a proclamation in late 1982. The Proclamation was a blatant violation of the separation of church and state, since it implied official government support for a particular religion — and ignored the views of all people in America who do not worship the Christian Bible or do not adhere to any religious faith. (Proclamation 5018) (see March 5, 1984)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

Environmental Issues

February 3, 1984: the Environmental Protection Agency ordered a ban on the pesticide ethylene dibromide (EDB) for grain products. Recent tests by government agencies had shown that the pesticide was often found on grain products in stores and on most imported fruits, especially citrus fruits, papayas and mangoes.  (see Dec 2 – 3)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

Vietnam

February 3, 1994: President Bill Clinton announced the lifting of the 19-year-old trade embargo against Vietnam, citing the cooperation of Vietnam’s communist government in helping the United States locate the 2,238 Americans still listed as missing in the Vietnam War.  (see July 11, 1995)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

DEATH PENALTY

February 3, 1997: the American Bar Association took action that it hoped would focus more attention on systemic problems and lack of fairness in the application of the death penalty in the United States. While taking no position on the death penalty per se, the ABA adopted a resolution initiated by the Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities that urges a halt to executions until concerns about capital punishment in the U.S. were addressed. Specifically, the resolution called for capital jurisdictions to impose a moratorium on all executions until they can:

(1) ensure that death penalty cases are administered fairly and impartially, in accordance with due process, and

(2) minimize the risk that innocent persons may be executed. 

(see March 3, 1999)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

CLINTON IMPEACHMENT

February 3, 1999: House prosecutors questioned White House aide Sidney Blumenthal in a closed-door deposition. (see Clinton for expanded story)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

Iraq War II

CIA

February 3, 2004:  the CIA admitted that there was no imminent threat from weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.  (see Apr 28)

Bush requests additional $

February 3, 2006:  Bush requested an additional $70 billion for Iraq and Afghanistan, $120 billion total for 2006. (see Feb 28)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

LGBTQ

February 3, 2015:  the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit denied the Alabama Attorney General’s motion for a stay in Searcy v. Strange and Strawser v. Strange. With the ruling, same-sex couples could begin to marry beginning February, 9, unless the US Supreme Court issued a stay. (NYT article) (see Feb 8)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

ADA

February 3, 2015: the city of Fallon, Nevada reached an agreement with the Justice Department to settle allegations the city engaged in a pattern of discrimination by requiring job applicants to disclose disabilities and/or medical information before they were offered city jobs.

The Justice Department first notified Fallon in July 2013 it was investigating alleged violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Fallon Mayor Kenneth Tedford signed the agreement pledging to end the practice and take several other steps to make sure it doesn’t happen again, including providing ADA training to all supervisors and other employees involved in making hiring or personnel decisions.

The Justice Department said in a statement that it had reached similar agreements with the cities of DeKalb, Illinois, Vero Beach, Florida and Isle of Palms, South Carolina. (see Apr 10)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

Immigration History

February 3, 2017: Judge James Robart of Federal District Court for the Western District of Washington (State) temporarily blocked President Trump’s week-old immigration order from being enforced nationwide, reopening America’s door to visa holders from seven predominantly Muslim countries and dealing the administration a humbling defeat.

The White House vowed to fight what it called an “outrageous” ruling, saying it would seek an emergency halt to the judge’s order as soon as possible and restore the president’s “lawful and appropriate order.”

 “The president’s order is intended to protect the homeland and he has the constitutional authority and responsibility to protect the American people,” the White House said. A revised statement released later omitted the word “outrageous.” (NYT article) (see Feb 4)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism

Trump Impeachment

February 3,  2020: President Trump’s defense team and the House impeachment managers made their closing arguments in the impeachment trial.

Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin proposed censuring the President instead of voting to remove him from office, thinking that such a move would get a bipartisan majority that a conviction vote would not.

Republican Sen. Lisa Murkowski said that while she would not vote to convict Trump, his actions were “shameful and wrong.”  [CNN article] (next TI, see Feb 5 or see Trump for expanded chronology)

February 3 Peace Love Art Activism