December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

Black Codes

December 19, 1865: following the Civil War and emancipation, many freed black people in the South remained beholden to their former white masters. In South Carolina and other former slave-holding states, many freed people continued to reside in the same communities, sometimes on the same land, working for whites who had previously owned the men, women, and children as property. Freedmen had limited opportunities to earn money to support themselves and their families and often continued to work as manual laborers in slavery-like conditions. In many ways, “black codes” enacted following emancipation sought to maintain white control over freedmen and perpetuated the exploitation black people had experienced during slavery.

South Carolina’s black codes, like others, contained many laws that applied only to black people. On December 19, 1865, a measure restored freed blacks’ subservient social relationship to white landowners, stating that “all persons of color who make contracts for service or labor, shall be known as servants, and those with whom they contract, shall be known as masters.” The law required black “servants” to work from dawn to dusk and to maintain a “polite” demeanor. South Carolina reached even further into black laborers’ personal lives,

• prohibiting apprentices to marry without their masters’ permission
•  forbidding farmers living on their masters’ land to have visitors
• imposing a curfew.
• forbidding freedmen in South Carolina from pursuing any occupation other than laborer unless able to pay a $100 fee. (see Dec 24)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

December 19, 1956: the Supreme Court upheld a lower court decision ordering an end to racial segregation of the Montgomery, Alabama, bus system. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was one of the iconic events in the history of the civil rights movement, but in fact a legal challenge to the bus system’s policy of  segregation that had begun more than a year earlier when authorities arrested Rosa Parks on December 1, 1955.

The lead plaintiff in the legal challenge that was settled on this day was Aurelia Browder, who police arrested, along with three other African-American women on March 2, 1955.  On June 13, 1956 in Browder v. Gayle the U.S. District Court for Alabama ruled segregated public transportation unconstitutional.  Thus, it was the Browder decision that ended segregation of the Montgomery buses and not the famous bus boycott that Parks inspired.  (see MBB for expanded chronology)

Medgar Evers

December 19, 1990: twenty-seven years after the slaying of the civil rights leader Medgar Evers, authorities charged Byron de la Beckwith, a professed white supremacist with Evers’s murder for the third time. Two trials in 1964 ended with the all-white juries deadlocked. But prosecutors said that they had turned up new evidence and new witnesses after a 14-month investigation. In a hearing in Tennessee, where Beckworth has lived for the past nine years, the 70-year-old Mr. Beckwith denied killing Mr. Evers and vowed to resist extradition “tooth, nail and claw.” [Washington Post article] (BH & ME, see January 1, 1991)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

US Labor History

Darr Mine explosion

December 19, 1907: an explosion in the Darr Mine in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, killed 239 coal miners, most of whom were Hungarian immigrant laborers. Some came from the nearby Naomi Mine, which had closed after at deadly explosion several weeks earlier. Only one person is thought to have survived the Darr Mine explosion.(see February 3, 1908)

Truax v Corrigan

December 19, 1921: in Truax v. Corrigan, the Supreme Court ruled that picketing was unconstitutional. Chief Justice (and former president) William Howard Taft declared that picketing was, in part, “an unlawful annoyance and hurtful nuisance...”(see May 15, 1922)

Wilberg Coal Mine fire

December 19, 1984: a coal mine fire killed twenty-six men and one woman were in the Wilberg Coal Mine near Orangeville, Utah. It was the worst coal mine fire in the state’s history. Federal mine safety officials issued 34 safety citations after the disaster but had inspected the mine only days before and declared it safe. (see May 31, 1985)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Technological Milestone

December 19, 1910: the artificial fiber rayon was first commercially produced by the American Viscose Co. of Marcus Hook, Pa. (see April 29, 1913)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Vietnam

December 19, 1946: 30,000 Viet Minh soldiers attacked French positions at Haiphong starting the French/Indochina War. Ho Chi Minh and General Vo Nguyen Giap fled Hanoi and return to their mountain stronghold near the Chinese border. Minh stated: “If war is imposed on us, we will fight rather than renounce our liberties.”  (see March 8, 1949)

South Vietnam Leadership

December 19, 1964: the December 1964 South Vietnamese coup took place before dawn on. The ruling military junta of South Vietnam led by General Nguyễn Khánh dissolved the High National Council (HNC) and arrested some of its members. The HNC was an unelected legislative-style civilian advisory body they had created at the request of the United States. (V, see January 1 – February 7, 1965; SVL, see February 19, 1965)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

December 19 Music et al

Bob Newhart /#1 Song

December 19 – 25, 1960: Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart comedy album returns for a third time to Billboard #1.

Supremes/#1 Song

December 19 – 25, 1964: “Come See About Me” by the Supremes #1 on the Billboard Hot 100, their third consecutive release that went to #1.

Beatles’s December 19ths

Last Christmas release

December 19, 1969: The Beatles released their 7^th and last Christmas fan club recording. (see January 14, 1970)

Almost the end again

December 19, 1974: after four years’ negotiation, the Beatles had appeared to have agreed on the terms governing their formal split, and a meeting had been arranged at the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan. George Harrison was performing at Madison Square Garden that night; McCartney had flown in from London; and Starr, having signed the document earlier, was on the telephone. At the last minute, John Lennon (also in NYC) objected to a clause that he felt would create tax problems for him (as the only Beatle living in the United States), and decided not to attend. Harrison, furious, canceled plans for Lennon to join him onstage at Madison Square Garden, but McCartney turned up at the East 52nd Street apartment that Lennon and Pang shared to discuss the sticking point. Things remained unresolved. (see Dec 29)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Watergate Scandal

December 19, 1974: Nelson A. Rockefeller sworn in as vice president, replacing Gerald R. Ford, who became president when Richard M. Nixon resigned. (see Watergate for expanded chronology)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Iran–Contra Affair

December 19, 1986: Lawrence E. Walsh was appointed independent counsel to investigate the Iran-Contra affair.(see January 6, 1987)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Dissolution of the USSR

December 19, 1989: workers in Romanian cities go on strike in protest against the communist regime. (see USSR for expanded chronology)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

CLINTON IMPEACHMENT

Investigation began

December 19, 1994: the Whitewater scandal investigation began in Washington, DC.

Articles approved

December 19, 1998: after 13 1/2 hours of debate over two days, the House of Representatives approved two articles of impeachment, charging President Clinton with lying under oath to a federal grand jury and obstructing justice. Clinton vowed to fill out his term and appeals for a bipartisan compromise in the Senate. (see Clinton Impeachment for expanded chronology)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

TERRORISM

UN sanctions

December 19, 2000: the U.N. Security Council voted to impose broad sanctions on Afghanistan’s Taliban rulers unless they closed terrorist training camps and surrendered U.S. embassy bombing suspect Osama bin Laden.(see April 5, 2001)

World Trade Center

December 19, 2003: officials unveiled design plans for the signature skyscraper — a 1,776-foot glass tower — at the site of the World Trade Center in New York City. (see July 4, 2004)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Nuclear and Chemical Weapons

December 19, 2003: Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi agreed to halt his nation’s drive to develop nuclear and chemical weapons. (see August 9, 2004)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

LGBTQ

Rev Frank Schaefer

December 19, 2013: the United Methodist Church defrocked Rev. Frank Schaefer, the Pennsylvania pastor who officiated at his son’s same-sex wedding six years ago and refused to agree not to perform other gay marriages. (NYT article) (Schaefer, see June 24, 2014)

New Mexico

December 19, 2013: with lesbian and gay couples having married over the past several months in many New Mexico counties, on this date, the state Supreme Court ruled to allow same-sex couples to marry throughout the state.  This made New Mexico the first state in the Southwest with marriage equality and the 17th state nationwide.

The court wrote: “We hold that the State of New Mexico is constitutionally required to allow same-gender couples to marry and must extend to them the rights, protections, and responsibilities that derive from civil marriage under New Mexico law.”

Westboro Baptist Church

December 19, 2013: Westboro Baptist tweeted that it stood in solidarity with Phil Robertson of the A&E reality show “Duck Dynasty,“ who told GQ Magazine in a recent interview that he believed homosexuality was sinful.(LGBTQ, see Dec 20; WBC, see March 12, 2014)

Idaho responsible

December 19, 2014: U.S. Magistrate Judge Candy Dale ruled that Idaho must pay more than $400,000 to the lawyers who successfully fought to overturn the state’s ban on gay marriage. Dale awarded an amount that was about 10 percent less than what the lawyers requested.

Utah Gov. C.L. “Butch” Otter and attorney Christopher Rich argued for an award of little more than $200,000. They said that the six lawyers working on the case took too much time and charged too much in hourly fees. The lead attorney billed $400 an hour and recorded more than 600 hours.

Judge Dale disagreed, saying that the complexity of the case warranted frequent communication and extra time to prepare for court appearances.(see Dec 23)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Stop and Frisk Policy

December 19, 2013: NYPD Officer Wilson Gonzalez pleaded guilty to the wrongful stop and frisk of a 52-year-old father in Brooklyn. Gonzalez was the second member of the department to be prosecuted at a disciplinary trial at police headquarters for questioning, stopping and frisking a person without sufficient legal authority. Gonzalez, who also pleaded guilty to writing the summons “without sufficient legal authority,” will lose 15 days pay if Commissioner Raymond Kelly approves the punishment. (see Dec 31)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

ADA

December 19, 2014: after passing the Senate and the House with broad majorities, legislation to help people with disabilities pay for health care and other needs was signed into law by President Obama.

The Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) Act was the first sweeping legislation for people with disabilities since the Americans With Disabilities Act was passed in 1990. The new law allowed families who have a child with a disability to save for their long-term care through savings accounts modeled after tax-free 529 college savings accounts.(see February 3, 2015)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Crime and Punishment

December 19, 2016: President Obama issued 78 pardons and commuted the sentences of 153 prisoners, extending his acts of clemency to a total of 1,324 individuals, one of the larger uses of the presidential power to show mercy in modern presidential history. (see Dec 29)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Women’s Health & Immigration History

December 19, 2017: “Jane Roe” and “Jane Poe,” the two teenage unauthorized immigrants who had sued the Trump administration to be allowed to obtain abortions while in custody, were free to end their pregnancies, even as the legal fight continued over the policy that had prevented them from doing so.

The Trump administration had quickly appealed, but by the night of December 19, however the government had stood aside. Roe was released from custody, and administration lawyers stopped attempting to block Poe from moving ahead with her abortion. (WH, see Feb 7; IH, see Dec 22)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

Sexual Abuse of Children

December 19, 2018: Illinois State Attorney General Lisa Madigan released a report stating that the Catholic Church in Illinois withheld the names of at least 500 priests accused of sexual abuse of minors. The report accused the church of failing victims by neglecting to investigate their allegations.

The preliminary report concluded that the Catholic dioceses in Illinois are incapable of investigating themselves and “will not resolve the clergy sexual abuse crisis on their own.”

The report said that 690 priests were accused of abuse, and only 185 names were made public by the dioceses as having been found credibly accused of abuse. [NYT article] (see January 15, 2019)

December 19 Peace Love Art Activism

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

Thirteenth Amendment

December 18, 1865: Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed the Thirteenth Amendment to Constitution to have been adopted. It officially outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It reads:

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.                 Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (see Dec 19)

Davis Knight

On April 18, 1946:  thirty-two-year-old Navy veteran Davis Knight married Junie Lee Spradley. In June 1948, the state indicted Mr. Knight for violating a law that prohibited “marriage or cohabitation between white persons and those with one-eighth or more Negro or Mongolian blood.” At trial, Mr. Knight insisted that he was white: his wife believed him to be white and his Navy service records listed him as white. The State set out to prove he was black.

The whole case turned on the race of Mr. Knight’s deceased great-grandmother, Rachel; if she was black, Mr. Knight was at least one-eighth black and guilty. As evidence of Rachel’s race, the State presented several elderly witnesses, including an eighty-nine-year-old white man who testified that Rachel had lived on his father’s plantation and was a “known Negro.”

On December 18, 1948  a jury found Davis Knight to be black and sentenced to five years in prison for marrying outside of his race. He appealed.

On November 14, 1949 the Mississippi State Supreme Court reversed Davis Knight’s conviction. The Court held that, in Mr. Knight’s particular case, the State had failed to provide sufficient evidence to prove that his grandmother Rachel was fully black, so it had not proved that Mr. Knight was at least one-eighth black.

Though the decision did not strike down the state’s miscegenation law, or prevent future prosecution of Mr. Knight or others, many white Mississippians protested the decision, hanging members of the court in effigy. The state’s ban on interracial marriage would stand for nearly two more decades, until the United States Supreme Court’s 1967 decision in Loving v. Virginia struck down remaining anti-miscegenation laws in Mississippi and seventeen other states. (BH, see August 27, 1949; Knight, see November 14, 1949)

Abolish Public Schools

December 18, 1952: anticipating that the U.S. Supreme Court would soon strike down racial segregation in public schools, Georgia Governor and ardent segregationist Herman Talmadge announced he would end public education in the state rather than integrate. “There is only one solution in the event segregation is banned by the Supreme Court,” Talmadge declared at a press conference, “And that is abolition of the public school system.”

Governor Talmadge’s plan involved leasing existing public schools for $1 to a “suitable man or woman” tasked with setting up and operating a private school system and using that system to maintain segregation. [EJI article] (next BH, see Dec 30)

see  Albany Movement for more

December 18, 1961: an agreement was reached in Albany, GA. It paved the way for the release of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and about 300 other Negroes from prison. (BH, see February 12, 1963;see Albany Movement; MLK, see October 16, 1962)

Murders of Three Civil Rights Workers

December 18, 1964: eighteen of the 21 Mississippians implicated in the murder of the three civil rights workers were arraigned before a US commissioner in Meridan, MS.

Defendant Lawrence Rainey, Neshoba county sheriff, said, “Hey, let’s have some Red Man” –and bit off a cheek-filling plug. His deputy (and codefendant) Cecil Price (holding a bail application) smiled and other defendants and spectators laughed. (next BH, see Dec 20;  see Murders for expanded chronology)

Confederate Monument Dismantled

December 18, 2023:  a monument to Confederate soldiers was scheduled to be removed from Arlington National Cemetery by the end December 22. The removal came in response to legislation passed by Congress, and amidst efforts in recent years to take down symbols honoring slaveholders and Confederate leaders.

In 2021, Congress passed a law requiring the Department of Defense to look at removing “names, symbols, displays, monuments, or paraphernalia” commemorating the Confederacy.

Arlington’s Confederate Memorial offers a “mythologized vision of the Confederacy, including highly sanitized depictions of slavery,” according to a report prepared by a commission set up in response to that legislation. The report noted that an inscription promotes the “Lost Cause” myth, “which romanticized the pre-Civil War South and denied the horrors of slavery.” [NPR article] (next BH, see )

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

FREE SPEECH

December 18, 1935: Boston Mayor F. W. Mansfield  denounced Lillian Hellman’s  play The Children’s Hour. The play has a lesbian theme, in which a young girl runs away from a boarding school and, to avoid being returned, tells her grandmother that the two headmistresses of the school are having a love affair. The accusation ruins the women’s careers and their relationship. (see January 11, 1936)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Japanese Internment Camps

December 18, 1944: brought by Japanese-American Fred Korematsu regarding the Japanese internment, the Supreme Court sided with the government in Korematsu v. United States ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional. (see JIC for expanded internment chronology)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Nuclear and Chemical Weapons

December 18, 1957: the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, the first civilian nuclear facility to generate electricity in the United States, went online.(see February 17, 1958)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Space Race

December 18, 1958: the US launched the world’s first communications satellite, SCORE (Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment), nicknamed “Chatterbox,”  aboard an Atlas rocket. The Atlas missile served as a platform for the experiment and the communications equipment was integrated into its faring pods. It transmitted the first message from space to Earth on a short-wave frequency—a pre-recorded statement from President Dwight D. Eisenhower: “This is the President of the United States speaking. Through the marvels of scientific advance, my voice is coming to you from a satellite traveling in outer space. My message is a simple one: Through this unique means I convey to you and all mankind, America’s wish for peace on Earth and goodwill toward men everywhere.” (see January 2, 1959)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

see December 18 Music et al for more

Lion Sleeps Tonight

December 18, 1961 – January 12, 1962: a South African song from the 1920s, “The Lion Sleeps Tonight” by the Tokens #1 Billboard Hot 100.

Blue Hawaii

December 18, 1961 –  May 4, 1962 – Elvis Presley’s Blue Hawaii movie soundtrack continues as the Billboard #1 album. (see April 21, 1962)

I Want To Hold Your Hand

On December 17, 1963: a 15-year-old girl from Silver Spring, MD wrote to Washington. D.C. station WWDC radio DJ Carroll James requesting Beatles music after seeing a CBS-news segment.

He  obtained a copy of “I Want To Hold Your Hand” from his stewardess girlfriend, who brought the single back from the UK.

He became the first disc jockey to broadcast a Beatles record on American radio.

Due to listener demand, the song was played daily, every hour.

On December 18 – 19, 1963 Capitol Records threatened to sue WWDC to stop playing song, but then reversed itself and decided to rush-release “I Want To Hold Your Hand,” previously scheduled for  January 13, 1964.

Christmas leave was canceled at Capitol Records, as pressing plants and staff gear up for rush release. (see Dec 23)

“Another Beatles Christmas Record”

December 18, 1964, The Beatles: “Another Beatles Christmas Record” issued to fan club members. (see Dec 26)

LSD

December 18, 1965: Big Beat Acid Test, The Big Beat Club, Palo Alto.

Timothy Leary

In 1966: Timothy Leary founded the League of Spiritual Development, with LSD as the sacrament. (see Jan 8)

The Family Way

December 18, 1966: “The Family Way” movie premiered. Music by Paul McCartney.  (next Beatles, see March 18, 1967; Family Way, see January 6, 1967)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Vietnam

Operation Game Warden

December 18, 1965:  Operation Game Warden (Task force 116) began. It was an U.S. and South Vietnamese Navy operation in the Mekong Delta and near Saigon to patrol the rivers and coastal waters of South Vietnam, prevent the infiltration of soldiers and supplies from North Vietnam, and deny the Viet Cong access to the waterways. (see Dec 21)

My Lai Massacre

December 18, 1971: after a trial that included testimony from 106 witnesses, Colonel Henderson was acquitted of all charges. (see My Lai for expanded chronology; Vietnam, see January 1, 1972)

Operation Linebacker Two

December 18, 1972: President Nixon ordered a new bombing campaign against the North Vietnamese. Operation Linebacker Two lasted for 12 days, including a three day bombing period by up to 120 B-52s. Strategic surgical strikes were planned on fighter airfields, transport targets and supply depots in and around Hanoi and Haiphong. U.S. aircraft dropped more than 20,000 tons of bombs in this operation. Twenty-six U.S. planes were lost, and 93 airmen were killed, captured or missing. North Vietnam admitted to between 1,300 and 1,600 dead. (see Dec 22)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Judicial Milestone

December 18, 1967: Katz v. United States, was a US Supreme Court case discussing the nature of the “right to privacy” and the legal definition of a “search”. The Court’s ruling refined previous interpretations of the unreasonable search and seizure clause of the Fourth Amendment to count immaterial intrusion with technology as a search, overruling Olmstead v. United States (see June 4, 1928) and Goldman v. United States. Katz also extended Fourth Amendment protection to all areas where a person has a “reasonable expectation of privacy”. (see April 7, 1969)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Native Americans

December 18, 1968: Mohawk Indians formed a blockade at the Cornwall International Bridge between the U.S. and Canada in protest of the U.S. restricting Native peoples’ free movement between the two countries. Many protesters were arrested but the Canadian government dismissed the charges.(see September 29, 1969)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Nuclear News

December 18, 1970: a blast from a planned atomic test accidentally released a plume of hot gases and radioactive dust three and a half minutes after ignition and continuing for many hours, raining fallout on workers. Six percent of the explosion’s radioactive products were vented atomic leak in Nevada forced hundreds of citizens to flee the test site. (see May 27, 1972)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

TERRORISM

December 18, 1989: a mail bomb killed Robert Robinson, an attorney in Savannah, Georgia, in his office. Robinson was in his second term as 5th District alderman when he was killed.

A year after his slaying, federal officials obtained a 70-count indictment against Walter Leroy Moody Jr., 56, of Rex, including a murder charge in the slaying of 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Robert S. Vance on Dec. 16, 1989, in a mail bomb explosion at his home in Mountain Brook, Ala.

The indictment charged Moody with transporting explosive material with intent to kill, causing a death.

Moody was convicted in federal court in June 1991 of 70 offenses, including murder in the Vance slaying, and sentenced to serve consecutive life terms without parole.

He was later convicted in an Alabama circuit court in Birmingham in the slayings of Vance and Robinson and sentenced to death in February 1997.

NAACP targeted

In late December 1989: pipe bombs intercepted at 11th Circuit headquarters in Atlanta, GA and the Jacksonville, FL office of the NAACP. (see July 6, 1990)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

CLINTON IMPEACHMENT

December 18, 1998: the House of Representatives engaged in a fierce, daylong debate whether to impeach President Clinton. A CNN survey suggested there were enough votes to approve one or more articles of impeachment. (see CI for expanded chronology)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

DEATH PENALTY

U.N. General Assembly

December 18, 2007: the U.N. General Assembly passed a nonbinding resolution calling for a moratorium on the death penalty, overcoming protests from a bloc of states that said it undermined their sovereignty. The resolution which calls for ‘a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty,’ was passed by a 104 to 54 vote, with 29 abstentions. Two similar moves in the 1990s failed in the assembly. The resolution’s text stops short of an outright demand for immediate abolition; it carries no legal force but backers say it has powerful moral authority.

Among nations who voted against were Egypt, Iran, Singapore, the United States and a bloc of Caribbean states. Eighty-seven countries — including the 27 European Union states, more than a dozen Latin American countries and eight African states — jointly introduced the resolution, though opponents singled out the EU as the driving force. [Reuters article] (see June 25, 2008)

Capital punishment continues decline

December 18, 2009: use of capital punishment by states continued its steady decline, with fewer death sentences handed down in 2009 than any year since the death penalty was reinstated by the Supreme Court in 1976. Year-end figures by the Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC) showed 11 states were considering abolishing executions, with many legislators citing high costs associated with incarcerating and handling often decades-long appeals by death row inmates.

Fifty-two inmates were executed in 11 states in 2009. As in previous years, Texas in 2009 led the states in executions, with 24 — four times as many as the next-highest, Alabama. Nine men who had been sentenced to death were exonerated and freed in 2009, most after new DNA or other forensic testing cleared them, or raised doubts their culpability. That was the second highest total since the death penalty was reinstated 33 years earlier.  (see June 18, 2010)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

LGBTQ

District of Columbia

December 18, 2009: District of Columbia Mayor Adrian Fenty signed a freedom to marry bill into law after it passed by a large majority of City Council members. January 1, 2010 New Hampshire same-sex couples begin marrying in the state. [CNN article](see January 1, 2010)

Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell

December 18, 2010: the U.S. Senate voted 65 to 31 in favor of repealing Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, the Clinton-era military policy that forbid openly gay men and women from serving in the military. Eight Republicans sided with the Democrats to strike down the ban. The ban will not be lifted officially until President Obama, Defense Secretary Robert Gates, and Admiral Mike Mullen, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, agree that the military is ready to enact the change and that it won’t affect military readiness. (see Dec 22)

Transgender government employees

December 18, 2014: Attorney General Eric Holder announced  that the Justice Department would interpret the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as protecting transgender government employees from discrimination.

In a memo, Holder wrote that the “best reading of Title VII’s prohibition of sex discrimination is that it encompasses discrimination based on gender identity, including transgender status.” Holder said that while Congress “may not have had such claims in mind when it enacted Title VII, the Supreme Court has made clear that Title VII must be interpreted according to its plain text.”

In a statement, Holder called the move an “important shift” that “will ensure that the protections of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 are extended to those who suffer discrimination based on gender identity, including transgender status.” [US DoJ article]

Same-sex marriage Florida

December 18, 2014: the U.S. Supreme Court refused to block gay marriages in Florida, the latest of about three dozen states allowing same-sex weddings.

In a one-paragraph order, the court decided not to step into the Florida case. A federal judge previously declared Florida’s ban on gay marriage unconstitutional and said same-sex marriage licenses could start being issued in the state after Jan. 5, unless the Supreme Court intervened.

Most federal judges and appeals courts have ruled against state bans, but the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Cincinnati has upheld the right of four states to decide whether to allow gay marriage. (LGBTQ, see Dec 19; Florida, see Dec 26)

Kedarie Johnson

December 18, 2017:  Jorge Sanders-Galvez, convicted of murdering a 16-year-old Burlington High School student  Kedarie Johnson (see March 2, 2016) in an alley was sentenced to life in prison without parole.

At his sentencing, Jorge Sanders-Galvez also was charged with attempted murder and assault on a correctional officer after authorities said he beat a Des Moines County sheriff’s officer at the county jail the previous week. (see Dec 22)

Church Changes a bit

December 18, 2023: the Vatican announced that Pope Francis took steps in his efforts to make the Roman Catholic Church more welcoming to L.G.B.T.Q. Catholics by allowing priests to bless couples in same-sex relationship.

Priests had long blessed a wide variety of people, offering a prayer asking for God’s help and presence. The Vatican had long said it could not bless same-sex couples because it would undermine church doctrine that marriage is only between a man and a woman.

The new rule was issued in a declaration by the church’s office on doctrine and introduced by its prefect, Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, who said that the declaration did not amend “the traditional doctrine of the church about marriage,” because it allowed no liturgical rite that could be confused with the sacrament of marriage. [NYT article] (next LGBTQ, see )

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Iraq War II

December 18, 2011:  the last convoy of heavily armored U.S. troops left Iraq, crossing into Kuwait in darkness in the final moments of a nine-year war. (see February 13, 2012)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Cannabis

December 18, 2014:  Nebraska Attorney General Jon Bruning said the state was joining Oklahoma in a federal lawsuit that sought a declaration that Colorado’s legalization of marijuana violated the United States Constitution.

“Federal law undisputedly prohibits the production and sale of marijuana,” said Bruning. “Colorado has undermined the United States Constitution, and I hope the U.S. Supreme Court will uphold our constitutional principles.”

Bruning said the “illegal products of this system” are heavily trafficked into neighboring states, causing an unnecessary burden on the state of Nebraska.

The Colorado Attorney General’s Office said it would defend the state’s marijuana laws. “We are not entirely surprised by this action,” Colorado Attorney General John Suthers said. “However, it appears the plaintiffs’ primary grievance stems from non-enforcement of federal laws regarding marijuana, as opposed to choices made by the voters of Colorado. We believe this suit is without merit and we will vigorously defend against it in the U.S. Supreme Court.”

On  March 21, 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined 6 – 2 to hear Nebraska and Oklahoma’s proposed lawsuit meaning the nation’s highest court will not rule on the interstate dispute. (see January 9, 2015 or see CCC for expanded chronology)

Crime and Punishment

December 18, 2019:  NJ Governor Phil Murphy signed  A5823 into law which restored voting rights to 80,000 people on probation or parole.

He also signed into law an expungement bill for people with marijuana convictions.

“This move will make it possible for thousands of residents now and in the future to truly be able to turn the corner and not have long forgotten mistakes marking them like a ‘scarlet letter’ for the rest of their lives,” one of the measure’s sponsors, state Assemblywoman Annette Quijano, D-Union, said in a statement. [NJN story] (next Cannabis, see Dec 31; also see CCC for expanded cannabis chronology; next C & P, see January 7, 2020)

Malta Legalization

December 18, 2021: just days after Malta’s Parliament approved a bill to legalize marijuana, President George Vella signed the legislation into law making Malta the first European country to enact the reform.

Under the legislation sponsored by MP Owen Bonnici, adults 18 and older will be allowed to possess up to seven grams of cannabis and cultivate as many as four plants for personal use. Up to 50 grams of homegrown marijuana can be stored at home.

While there won’t be a commercial market per se, non-profit cooperatives will be able to cultivate marijuana and distribute it to members. [MM article] (next Cannabis see May 25, 2022 or see CAC for expanded chronology)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Women’s Health/Immigration History

December 18, 2017: Judge Tanya S. Chutkan, of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that “Jane Roe” and “Jane Poe,”  two undocumented immigrants in US custody, must be allowed to have abortions,

The immigrants, both 17, had entered the United States illegally and were being held in government-run shelters. Under a policy announced in March by the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Refugee Resettlement, federally funded shelters cannot take “any action that facilitates” an abortion for an unaccompanied minor without the approval of the office’s director

Chutkan stayed her order for 24 hours to let the government appeal.  [NYT article] (WH & IH, see Dec 19)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Affordable Care Act

December 18, 2019: a 2-1 decision, by a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in New Orleans struck down a central provision of the Affordable Care Act, ruling that the requirement that people have health insurance was unconstitutional.

The appeals panel did not invalidate the rest of the law, instead sending the case back to a federal district judge in Texas to “conduct a more searching inquiry” into which of the law’s many parts could survive without the mandate. [NYT story] (next ACA, see April 1, 2020)

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

Trump Impeachment

The House of Representatives on Wednesday impeached President Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, making him the third president in history to be charged with committing high crimes and misdemeanors and face removal by the Senate.

On a day of constitutional consequence and raging partisan tension, the votes on the two articles of impeachment fell largely along party lines, after a bitter debate that stretched into the evening and reflected the deep polarization gripping American politics in the Trump era. [NYT story] [see TII for chronology]

December 18 Peace Love Art Activism

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Technological and Cultural Milestones

The Wright Brothers

December 17, 1903: Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first successful man-powered airplane flight, near Kitty Hawk, N.C.(see October 27, 1904)

Color TV

December 17, 1953: the FCC approved color specifications from the National Television System Committee (NTSC) for a color system compatible with existing black and white sets. By the end of 1953, 44.7% of American households have a TV set. By the end of 1954, 55.7% of households will. (see Dec 30)

Superstation

December 17, 1976: WTCG-TV, Atlanta, GA, changed its call letters to WTBS, and uplinked via satellite. The station became the first commercial TV station to cover the entire U.S. (see June 5, 1977)

Simpsons

December 17, 1989:  the first full episode of “The Simpsons,” a Christmas special titled “Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire,” premiered on Fox. The episode chronicled the less-than-perfect family’s financial woes and captured viewers with a satirical cynicism that would define the following decade of television.(next CM, see February 14, 1990)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Anarchism in the US

December 17, 1910: Emma Goldman published her first book, Anarchism and Other Essays. (PDF of book) (see Emma Goldman for her larger story)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Nuclear and Chemical Weapons

Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann

December 17, 1938: German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission by splitting the nuclei of uranium into lighter elements while performing experiments in Berlin.(see August 2, 1939)

Intercontinental missile

December 17, 1957: the US successfully test-fired the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile for the first time. (see Dec 18)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Immigration History

Magnuson Act

December 17, 1943: the Magnuson Act repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act (May 6, 1882). The exclusion act was arguably the most restrictive immigration law ever passed in the US. It barred from immigration all Chinese laborers. Although it permitted the entry of some non-laborers, who were required to obtain certification from the Chinese government, few were able to quality. Repeal of the Exclusion Act at this time was spurred by the fact that China was an important ally of the U.S. against Japan in World War II. (see June 27, 1952)

Arizona drivers license

December 17, 2014: the Supreme Court let stand a ruling requiring Arizona to issue driver’s licenses to young immigrants spared from deportation by President Obama.

The court’s brief, unsigned order gave no reasons, but it nonetheless represented the justices’ first encounter with the Obama administration’s recent efforts to provide relief to immigrants who are in the United States unlawfully. Justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas and Samuel A. Alito Jr. dissented, also without giving reasons. [NYT article] (see February 15, 2015)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Japanese Internment Camps

December 17, 1944: Major General Henry C. Pratt issued Public Proclamation No. 21, declaring that, effective January 2, 1945, Japanese American “evacuees” from the West Coast could return to their homes. (see November 21, 1945 re the final closing.) (see JI for expanded chronology)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

Montgomery Bus Boycott

December 17, 1955: Martin Luther King, Jr met with white representatives in an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the bus dispute. The boycott, initially launched as a one-day statement of protest, had been going on for nearly two weeks at this point. ( see Montgomery for expanded chronology)

Coerced confessions

December 17, 1977: the district attorney dropped the murder and robbery charges against the five Black men forced to confess under threat of death, saying that without the confessions there was not much of a case. Two of the defendants had spent one year in jail, and the other three had been incarcerated for almost two years.  No one was ever convicted of  Gordon Howell’s murder (see January 22, 1976). (see Dec 30)

Arthur McDuffie

December 17, 1979: Arthur McDuffie, a 33-year-old African American insurance sales representative, was riding a motorcycle when he was signaled to pull over by Metro-Dade Police Department (MDPD) officers in Miami, Florida. Mr. McDuffie did not comply, beginning an eight-mile chase through Miami. After he was apprehended, MDPD officers beat him into a coma. There is no evidence that he physically resisted arrest, and officers later ran over Mr. McDuffie’s motorcycle to make it appear as if he had been in an accident. Mr. McDuffie died four days later.

After an autopsy confirmed witness reports that he had been beaten to death, five MDPD officers were charged with manslaughter and evidence tampering. The jury found them not guilty on all counts.(BH & McDuffie, see May 18, 1980)

Medgar Evers

December 17, 1990: Byron De La Beckwith, 70 years old, twice tried but never convicted in the shooting death of the civil rights leader Medgar Evers in 1963, was arrested as a fugitive from Mississippi. Officials said a grand jury in Hinds County heard testimony the previous week in the slaying of Medgar Evers, who was field secretary for the Mississippi branch of the NAACP . Hinds County District Attorney Ed Peters, said he had no comment on the arrest and would not say whether Mr. Beckwith had been indicted in connection with the reopened investigation into Mr. Evers’ killing. (see Dec 19)

George J. Stinney Jr

December 17, 2014: Calling it a “great and fundamental injustice,” South Carolina Circuit Judge Carmen T. Mullen vacated the 1944 murder conviction of 14-year-old George J. Stinney Jr., the youngest person executed in the United States in the last century.

Mullen did not rule that the conviction of Mr. Stinney for the murder of two white girls in the town of Alcolu was wrong on the merits. She did find, however, that the prosecution had failed in numerous ways to safeguard the constitutional rights of Mr. Stinney, who was black, from the time he was taken into custody until his death by electrocution.

The all-white jury could not be considered a jury of the teenager’s peers, Judge Mullen ruled, and his court-appointed attorney did “little to nothing” to defend him. His confession was most likely coerced and unreliable, she added, “due to the power differential between his position as a 14-year-old black male apprehended and questioned by white, uniformed law enforcement in a small, segregated mill town in South Carolina.” (see GJS, Jr for expanded chronology)

Russian voter interference

December 17, 2018: according to a report produced for the Senate Intelligence Committee. the Russian influence campaign on social media in the 2016 election made an extraordinary effort to target African-Americans, used an array of tactics to try to suppress turnout among Democratic voters and unleashed a blizzard of activity on Instagram that rivaled or exceeded its posts on Facebook

New Knowledge, a cybersecurity company based in Austin, Tex., along with researchers at Columbia University and Canfield Research LLC  produced the report. [NYT article]

Colin Kaepernick/Ben & Jerry’s

December 17, 2020: Vermont ice cream maker Ben & Jerry’s honored Colin Kaepernick with a new flavor blending his civil rights activism and non-dairy, vegan appetite.

“Change the Whirled” — a mix of caramel sunflower butter, fudge chips, graham crackers and chocolate cookies — would raise money for Kaepernick’s “courageous work to confront systemic oppression and to stop police violence against Black and Brown people,” the company said in a statement. [VTDigger story] (next BH, see ; see CK for expanded Kaepernick story)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

December 17 Music et al

Beatles

December 17, 1961: Brian Epstein contacted a local wedding photographer, Albert Marrion, to see if he could take some professional pictures of the group for the first time. (see January 1, 1962)

Alan Freed

December 17, 1962: Alan Freed pleaded guilty in Criminal Court to accepting a $2,000 bribe from the Cosnat Distributing Company and a $700 bribe from the Superior Record Sales Co, Inc. Jundge John Murtagh imposed a $300 fine and a six-month suspended jail sentence.  (see June 8, 1963)

DJ Carroll James

December 17, 1963: radio DJ Carroll James at Washington. D.C. station WWDC, played a U.K. copy of  “I Want to Hold Your Hand” on the radio after a 15-year-old girl from Silver Spring, MD wrote to him requesting Beatles music after seeing the CBS-news segment.  James Carroll became the first disc jockey to broadcast a Beatles record on American radio. He had obtained the record from his stewardess girlfriend, who brought the single back from the UK. Due to listener demand, the song was played daily, every hour. (see Dec 18 – 19)

Beatles Third Christmas Record

December 17, 1965, The Beatles: “The Beatles Third Christmas Record” released. (see January 8, 1966)

Winchester Cathedral

December 17 – 30, 1966: “Winchester Cathedral” by The New Vaudeville Band #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Christmas Time Is Here Again

December 17, 1967: Beatles sent Christmas Time Is Here Again to fan club members.  (see Busy Beatles for more) (next Beatles, see Dec 26)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Environmental Issues

Clean air bill

December 17, 1963: President Johnson signed into law a “clean air” bill designed to channel $95 million in federal funds into a four-year program to fight air pollution. The legislation authorized the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to conduct research into the problem of air pollution, which some experts say is becoming a national menace.

It also would permit federal aid to states and communities which are fighting air pollution.

In signing the measure, Johnson said it would combat a “serious and growing” hazard. He said an estimated 6,000 U.S. communities need the type of assistance provide by the bill. States will retain the primary responsibility for controlling and reducing pollution except in those cases where pollution from one source — such as a concentration of factories — affects more than one state.

In such cases federal authorities may seek relief in court if a voluntary solution is unsuccessful.

The federal aid program involves grants on a matching basis on a matching basis of one state dollar for every two federal dollars put up. Regional grants are based on matching of three-quarters federal, one-quarter state. (see September 3, 1964)

Fracking

December 17, 2014: NY Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo’s administration announced that it would ban hydraulic fracturing in New York State because of concerns over health risks, ending years of debate over the method of extracting natural gas. [NYT article] (see January 6, 2015)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Feminism

December 17, 1970: Jo Carol LaFleur told the principal of a Cleveland, Ohio, junior high school, where she was teaching, that she was pregnant. According to school policy, teachers were banned from the classroom after the fourth month of pregnancy — and could not return until the semester after the child was three months old. On January 21, 1974, in Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur the US Supreme Court found that overly restrictive maternity leave regulations in public schools violated the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision struck down mandatory maternity leave rules. (F, see January 15, 1971; Jo Carol LaFleur, see January 21, 1974)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Lynette Alice Fromme

December 17, 1975: a federal jury in Sacramento, California, sentenced Lynette Alice Fromme, also known as “Squeaky” Fromme, to life in prison for her attempted assassination of President Gerald R. Ford. (see Lynette Squeaky Fromme) (see August 16, 2009)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Irish Troubles

December 17, 1983:  a Provisional IRA car bomb killed 6 Christmas shoppers and injured 90 outside Harrods in London. (see  Troubles for expanded chronology)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

see AIDS & Ryan White for full story

Diagnosis

December 17, 1984: during a partial-lung removal procedure, Ryan White was diagnosed with AIDS. (next AIDS, see March 2, 1985)

Ruling appealed

December 17, 1985: the school board voted 7–0 to appeal Indiana Department of Education ruling. (see RW for expanded chronology)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

The Cold War

Dissolution of the USSR

December 17, 1989: Timișoara Riot in Romania. Demonstrations in the city of Timișoara were triggered by the government-sponsored attempt to evict László Tőkés, an ethnic Hungarian pastor, accused by the government of inciting ethnic hatred. Members of his ethnic Hungarian congregation surrounded his apartment in a show of support. Romanian students spontaneously joined the demonstration which had became a more general anti-government demonstration. Regular military forces, police and Security fired on demonstrators killing and injuring men, women and children. (see USSR for expanded chronology)

United States/Cuba

December 17, 2014: American officials announced that the US would restore full diplomatic relations with Cuba and open an embassy in Havana for the first time in more than a half-century after the release of an American contractor held in prison for five years.

In a deal negotiated during 18 months of secret talks hosted largely by Canada and encouraged by Pope Francis, who hosted a final meeting at the Vatican, President Obama and President Raúl Castro of Cuba agreed in a telephone call to put aside decades of hostility to find a new relationship. [NYT article] (see January 12, 2015)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

Jack Kevorkian

December 17, 1993: Kevorkian ended fast and left jail after Oakland County Circuit Court Judge reduced bond to $100 in exchange for his vow not to assist in any more suicides until state courts resolved the legality of his practice. (see JK for expanded chronology)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

see CLINTON IMPEACHMENT for expanded chronology

Monica Lewinsky subpoenaed

December 17, 1997: Monica Lewinsky subpoenaed by lawyers for Paula Jones, who was suing the president on sexual harassment charges.

Impeachment debate

December 17, 1998: Republicans rescheduled the impeachment debate for December 18 over Democratic objections. Republican Speaker-elect Bob Livingston is forced to admit his own marital indiscretions, but says unlike President Clinton, they were not with a staff member and he was never asked to testify under oath about them

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism

ADA

December 17, 1999: The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvements Act of 1999 (TWWIIA) expanded the availability of Medicare and Medicaid so that certain disabled beneficiaries who return to work will not lose their medical benefits. (see May 29, 2001)

STAND YOUR GROUND

December 17, 2014: on this date Markus Kaarma, 30, of Missoula, Montana, who had shot and killed Diren Dede, a German exchange student caught trespassing in his garage, was convicted of deliberate homicide in a case that attracted attention as a test of “stand your ground” laws that governed the use of deadly force to defend life and property.

Kaarma had shot  Dede on April 27, 2014 after being alerted to an intruder by motion sensors. Witnesses testified Kaarma fired four shotgun blasts at Dede, who was unarmed.(see February 12, 2015)

December 17 Peace Love Art Activism