December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

BILL OF RIGHTS

December 16, 1689, : the English “Bill of Rights” went into effect. (see October 19, 1765)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

Short family murdered

December 16, 1945: in Fontana, California, the home of the Short family erupted in flames, killing Mrs Helen Short and her two children, Barry, 9, and Carol Ann, 7. Mr O’day H. Short survived the explosion The Shorts were the first and only black family living in the neighborhood.

Initially organized as a collection of chicken farms and citrus groves in the early twentieth century, by the early 1940s the small San Bernardino County town of Fontana was transformed into an industrial center with the opening of a wartime steel mill. As the community population grew in numbers and diversity, strict segregation lines emerged: black families moving out of the overcrowded Los Angeles area were relegated to living in the rocky plains of “North Fontana,” and working in the dirtiest departments of the mill. Ku Klux Klan activity also surged throughout Southern California during this time period, with white supremacists poised to terrorize black and Chicano veterans of WWII returning with militant ideas of racial equality.

This was reality in fall 1945, when O’day H. Short – a Mississippi native and Los Angeles civil rights activist – purchased a tract of land “in town” with intentions of moving his family to Fontana’s white section. As the Shorts built their modest home and prepared to live in it full time, local forces of all kinds tried to stop them. In early December 1945, “vigilantes” visited Mr. Short and ordered him to move or risk harm to his family; he refused and reported the threats to the FBI and local sheriff. Sheriff’s deputies did not offer protection and instead reiterated the warning that Short should leave before his family was harmed. Shortly after, members of the Fontana Chamber of Commerce visited the home, encouraging Mr. Short to move to the North Fontana area, and offering to buy his home. He refused.

Just days later, an explosion “of unusual intensity” destroyed the home, killing Mr. Short’s wife and children. He survived for two weeks, shielded from the knowledge of the other deaths, but died in January 1946 after the local D.A. bluntly informed him of his family’s fate during an investigative interview.

Local officials initially concluded that the fire was an accident, caused by Mr. Short’s own lighting of an outdoor lamp. After surviving family members, the black press, and the Los Angeles NAACP protested, a formal inquest was held, at which an independent arson investigator obtained by the NAACP testified that the fire had clearly been intentionally set. Despite this testimony, and evidence of the harassment the Short family had endured in the weeks leading to the fire, local officials again concluded it an accident and closed the case. No criminal investigation was ever opened, no arrests or prosecutions were made, and residential segregation persisted in Fontana for over 25 more years.

Women’s Political Council

In 1946, The Women’s Political Council formed as a civic organization for African-American professional women in Montgomery, Alabama. It was inspired by the Atlanta Neighborhood Union. Many of its middle-class women were active in education; most of WPC’s members were educators at Alabama State College or Montgomery’s public schools. About forty women attended the first organizational meeting. Mary Fair Burks, who was head of Alabama State’s English department, was the group’s first president. (Black History, see Feb 12; Feminism, see July 9, 1947)

Albany Movement

December 16, 1961: New York Times: The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 264 other Negroes and one white youth were arrested today as they marched on City Hall for a prayer demonstration. All were jailed. There was no violence, despite the tension aroused by week-long racial controversy and the breakdown of negotiations between white and Negro leaders aimed at restoring this city of 56,000 persons to normal. (see Albany Movement for the long sad story)

Medgar Evers assassination

December 16, 1992: a divided Mississippi Supreme Court refused to block the trial of Byron De La Beckwith, paving the way for him to be tried for the third time for the 1963 murder of the civil rights leader Medgar Evers. The court voted 4 to 3 to deny Mr. Beckwith’s claim that the case should be dismissed without going to trial. (see Dec 23)

SOUTH AFRICA/APARTHEID

December 16, 1961: Nelson Mandela and other A.N.C. leaders form a military wing called Umkhonto we Sizwe, or Spear of the Nation. Mr. Mandela becomes the first commander in chief of the guerrilla army. He will train to fight, work to obtain weapons for the group, and come to be known as the Black Pimpernel, but he will never see combat. (see August 5, 1962)

Amadou Diallo

December 16, 1999: a NY appellate court ordered a change of venue to Albany, stating that pretrial publicity had made a fair trial in New York City impossible. (see February 25, 2000)

Colin Powell

December 16, 2000: President-elect George W. Bush selected Colin Powell to become the first African-American secretary of state.(see January 21, 2001)

Tulsa “Good Friday” Shootings

December 16, 2013: On April 6, 2012 Jacob England and Alvin Watts had gone on a shooting spree that left three people dead and terrorized Tulsa’s black community. On this date, the two men were each sentenced to life without the possibility of parole. The men were sentenced after pleading guilty to three first-degree murder charges and two shooting with intent to kill charges. England, 19, and Watts, 33, were also sentenced to one year in the county jail for the misdemeanor charge of malicious intimidation, the state of Oklahoma’s equivalent of a hate crime offense.

On December 16, 2013, Jacob England and Alvin Watts, the two suspects in Tulsa’s so-called “Good Friday” murders, were each sentenced to life without the possibility of parole. The men were sentenced after pleading guilty to three first-degree murder charges and two shooting with intent to kill charges. England, 19, and Watts, 33, were also sentenced to one year in the county jail for the misdemeanor charge of malicious intimidation, the state of Oklahoma’s equivalent of a hate crime offense.

BLACK & SHOT

December 16, 2015: Chicago police Officer Jason Van Dyke was indicted on first-degree murder charges in the shooting of Laquan McDonald. (B & S, see Dec 27; McDonald, see Jan 22)

Emmett Till

December 16, 2016:  President Obama signed the Emmett Till Civil Rights Crimes Reauthorization Act of 2016. The Act allowed the Department of Justice and the FBI to reopen unsolved civil rights crimes.committed before 1980. The legislation is an expansion of a previous bill of a similar name signed into law in 2008. (BH, see January 10, 2017; ET, see January 23, 2017)

Trayvon Martin Shooting

December 16, 2017: George Zimmerman took a verbal shot at rapper JAY-Z threatening to “beat” the rapper and feed him to “an alligator” over Jay-Z’s role in a Trayvon Martin documentary.

Zimmerman, said he has a score to settle with JAY-Z over the way a camera crew treated the Zimmerman family.  Zimmerman complained that a production team made unannounced visits to the homes of his parents and an uncle in Florida and said JAY-Z and executive producer Michael Gesparro indirectly “harassed” his family.

“I know how to handle people who f–k with me,” Zimmerman added “I have since February 2012.”

Negro Leagues Recognized

December 16, 2020: Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred declared that seven Negro leagues that operated between 1920 and 1948 would be recognized as official major leagues, with their records and statistics counted in baseball’s record books.

“All of us who love baseball have long known that the Negro Leagues produced many of our game’s best players, innovations and triumphs against a backdrop of injustice,” Manfred said in a statement. “We are now grateful to count the players of the Negro Leagues where they belong: as Major Leaguers within the official historical record.” [NYT article] (next BH, see Dec 17)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

 Cold War

Korea

December 16, 1950: President Harry S. Truman proclaimed a national state of emergency during the Korean War in response to Chinese intervention.

Survival Under Atomic Attack

In 1951, the US Government released a film, “Survival Under Atomic Attack” (NN, see Jan 27; Red Scare, see March 29, 1951)

LSD & the US Government

In 1951: the CIA became aware of and began experimenting with LSD. (next Red Scare, see March 29)

LSD &  Al Hubbard

In 1951: Al Hubbard first tried LSD. Hubbard was an early proponent for the drug during the 1950s. He is reputed to have been the “Johnny Appleseed of LSD” and the first person to emphasize LSD’s potential as a visionary or transcendental drug. Hubbard may have introduced more than 6,000 people to LSD, including scientists, politicians, intelligence officials, diplomats, and church figures. Hubbard, then forty-nine years old, eagerly sought out others familiar with hallucinogenic drugs, including Aldous Huxley, the eminent British novelist who for years had been preoccupied with the specter of drug-induced thought control.

“Most people are walking in their sleep,” Hubbard said. “Turn them around, start them in the opposite direction and they wouldn’t even know the difference. [but]  give them a good dose of LSD and let them see themselves for what they are.”

LSD & Charles Savage

In 1952: Charles Savage published the first study on the use of LSD to treat depression.

LSD & Dr. Humphry Osmond

In 1953: Dr. Humphry Osmond began treating alcoholics with LSD.

First LSD conferences

In 1955: first conferences focusing on LSD and mescaline took place in Atlantic City and Princeton, N.J.

LSD & Aldous Huxley

In 1955: with Al Hubbard’s assistance, novelist Aldous Huxley first took LSD. (see March 14, 1957)

LSD/relating to Nature

December 16, 2019: the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published an article in which they said, “We found a strong relationship between the amount of lifetime use of psychedelics and nature relatedness, as well as increases in nature relatedness from before to after psychedelic use.”  (next LSD, see November 3, 2020)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

LGBTQ

Overt Homosexuality

December 16, 1963: the NY State Liquor Authority announced the revocation of the liquor licenses of two NYC bars. In a NY Times article, NYC Police Commissioner said, “Homosexuality is another one of the many problems confronting law enforcement…the underlying factors in homosexuality are not criminal but rather medical and sociological.” In the same NYT article, a Dr Irvin Bieber stated, “Public acceptance, [of homosexuality] if based on the concept of homosexuality as an illness, could be useful. If, by a magic wand, one could eliminate overnight all the manifestations of hostility I think there would be a gradual, important reduction in the incidence of homosexuality.”  (see May 19, 1964)

Rev Frank Schaefer

December 16, 2013: Rev. Frank Schaefer, a United Methodist minister who was suspended for officiating at his son’s gay marriage, said he would not voluntarily surrender his religious credentials even though he cannot uphold his church’s doctrines on issues relating to same-sex marriage.

Schaefer was convicted of violating church doctrine by performing a same-sex marriage when he officiated at his son’s nuptials in 2007 in Massachusetts. On Nov. 19, he was suspended for 30 days and asked to agree to abide by church doctrine, as outlined in the Methodist Book of Discipline, or to surrender his ministerial credentials. (see Dec 19)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

Vietnam & STUDENT ACTIVISM

December 16, 1965: in Des Moines, Iowa  John F. Tinker (15), John’s younger sister Mary Beth Tinker (13), and their friend Christopher Eckhardt (16) decided to wear black armbands to their schools (high school for John and Christopher, junior high for Mary Beth) in protest of the Vietnam War and supporting the Robert Kennedy’s proposed extension of the Viet Cong’s proposed Christmas Eve truce.  Two days earlier, the principals of the Des Moines schools adopted a policy that banned the wearing of armbands to school. Any student violating the policy would be suspended and allowed to return to school only after agreeing to comply with the policy. Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt chose to violate this policy, and the next day John Tinker also did so. Both were suspended from school until after January 1, 1966, when their protest had been scheduled to end. (for more, see Tinker v Des Moines ; Student Activism, see February 27, 1969; Tinker, see February 24, 1969; Vietnam, see Dec 18)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

December 16 Music et al

The Beatles

December 16, 1966: release of Beatles Fourth Christmas Record — Pantomime: Everywhere It’s Christmas to fan club members. (next Beatles, see Dec 18)

John & Yoko

December 16, 1969: John Lennon and Yoko Ono put up eleven billboards in major cities worldwide with the slogan: War Is Over! (Lennon, see Dec 19; Vietnam see February 18, 1970)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

INDEPENDENCE DAY

December 16, 1971, Bangladesh war of independence ends in victory. (NYT article)

December 16, 1991: Kazakhstan declared its independence from the Soviet Union. (USSR, see Dec 24; ID, see March 1, 1992)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

Sara Jane Moore

December 16, 1975,  a federal court accepted Sara Jane Moore’s plea of guilty of attempting to assassinate President Ford. (see Sarah Jane for more)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

TERRORISM

December 16, 1989: a powerful explosion killed Federal Judge Robert Vance after he opened a mail bomb in his house near Birmingham, Alabama. His wife, Helen, was seriously injured.

The federal government charged Walter Leroy Moody, Jr., with the murders of Judge Vance and of Robert E. Robinson, a black civil-rights attorney in Savannah, Georgia, who had been killed in a separate explosion at his office on December 18. Moody was also charged with mailing bombs that were defused at the Eleventh Circuit’s headquarters in Atlanta and at the Jacksonville office of the NAACP.

Moody was sentenced to seven federal life terms. (see Dec 18)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

IRAQ

Weapon discovery

December 16, 1995: Iraqi scuba divers, under the direction of the United Nations Special Commission, dredge the Tigris near Baghdad. The divers find over 200 prohibited Russian-made missile instruments and components. (see August 31, 1996)

U.S. and British forces attack Iraq v Clinton Impeachment

December 16, 1998: in a coordinated strike, U.S. and British forces attack Iraq in retaliation for its failure to cooperate with U.N. weapons inspectors. Because of the military action, House Republican leaders delay a planned impeachment debate and vote set to begin Thursday, December 17. (see Clinton Impeachment: Iraq, see October 2, 2002)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

Sexual Abuse of Children

December 16, 2006:  the Archdiocese of Los Angeles agreed to pay $60m to settle to 45 cases of alleged sexual abuse by priests. (see January 4, 2007)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

STAND YOUR GROUND LAW

December 16, 2012: Tampa, FL. Michael Jock was waiting in line at a Little Caesars when another customer, Randall White, complained about the slow service. The men exchanged words, which turned into a shoving match. Jock pulled out a revolver and fired it at White, striking him in the torso. The two struggled and White was shot a second time. Jock claimed the action was justified under Florida’s “stand your ground” law.

However, according to the Tampa Bay Times, police determined that the incident “did not reach a level where deadly force was required.” The officers charged Jock with aggravated battery with a weapon and shooting within a building. He was later released on $20,000 bail. (see January 3, 2013)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

Stop and Frisk Policy

December 16, 2013: the Civilian Complaint Review Board went after officer Roman Goris after an alleged wrongful stop and frisk in 2011. The NYPD disciplinary trial of marked the first time the NYPD’s independent watchdog prosecuted an officer for a stop and frisk violation itself. (see Dec 19)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

Cannabis

December 16, 2014:  drug Policy Alliance lobbyist Bill Piper told the Los Angeles Times “the war on medical marijuana is over” after President Obama signed the $1.1 trillion “Cromnibus” bill  with a small provision tucked away inside that prohibited the federal government from interfering with states that legalized it. (see Dec 18 or see CCC for expanded chronology)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

Women’s Health

December 16, 2021:  the federal government permanently lifted a major restriction on access to abortion pills. It allowed patients to receive the medication by mail instead of requiring them to obtain the pills in person from specially certified health providers.

The Food and Drug Administration’s action meant that medication abortion, an increasingly common method authorized in the United States for pregnancies up to 10 weeks’ gestation, would become more available to women who found it difficult to travel to an abortion provider or prefer to terminate a pregnancy in their homes. It allowed patients to have a telemedicine appointment with a provider who could prescribe abortion pills and send them to the patient by mail.  [NYT article] (next WH, see March 25, 2022)

December 16 Peace Love Art Activism

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

Nuclear and Chemical Weapons

United Nations

December 14, 1946: the United Nations adopted a disarmament resolution prohibiting the A-Bomb.(see October 1947)

Bomber distance record

December 14, 1960: a U.S. Boeing B-52 bomber set a 10,000-mile non-stop record without refueling. (see January 2, 1961)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

McCarthyism

December 14, 1947: major Hollywood producers announced that they would not employ (that is, “blacklist”) writers, directors and actors who were Communist Party members or who had been found in contempt of Congress for not answering questions about their political beliefs and associations. the ACLU criticized the decision. In a letter to the Motion Pictures Producers Association on this day the ACLU declared that there was no evidence that “American films have been influenced in any way by Communists or subversive employees.” (see Dec 30; list, see January 9, 1948)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

17 Falsely Arrested

December 14, 1948: local police found two 12-year-old white girls alone in the area of University Park, Maryland. The girls told police officers that they had been “attacked” by a Black man “with a big knife” who had tried to tear their clothes off. This barebones accusation sent 60 Maryland state and D.C. police to the University Park area, where officers wrongly arrested and detained 17 Black men for questioning.

Hours later, the girls confessed that they fabricated the entire story. Soon after the hoax was revealed, police announced that no charges would be filed against the two white girls, despite their serious false report resulting in the wrongful arrest of 17 innocent Black men—and creating the potential for much worse. The police also issued no apology for the way their overreach and unlawful detainment had targeted these Black men without any evidence. [EJI article] (next BH, see Dec 18)

Church Burning

December 14, 1962: the Bethel Baptist Church in Birmingham, Ala., which served as headquarters for the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, was bombed a third time for continuing to play an active role in the civil rights movement. Following the bombing. Birmingham police told The Birmingham News the bombing was likely the work of thrill-seekers and was not racially motivated as “the church has not been active in the integration movement for at least two years.”

The first bombing had come on Christmas 1956. In 2005, it was declared a historic landmark. (BH, see January 14, 1963; CB, see September 15, 1963)

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States

1) Heart of Atlanta Motel v US: the Supreme Court held that Congress could use the power granted to it by the Constitution’s Commerce Clause to force private businesses to abide by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Katzenbach v. McClung

2) Katzenbach v McClung: in a 9 – 0 ruling, the Supreme Court held that Congress acted within its power under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution in forbidding racial discrimination in restaurants as this was a burden to interstate commerce. (see Dec 18)

Laquan McDonald

December 14, 2018:  NBC News reported that  Judge Vincent Gaughan refused to grant a new trial to Jason Van Dyke, the former Chicago police officer convicted of murdering teenager Laquan McDonald.

Dyke wore a jail-issued jumpsuit and Department of Corrections windbreaker in court as his lawyers asked Gaughan to set aside a jury’s guilty verdicts for second-degree murder and 16 counts of aggravated battery, which is one for every bullet fired.

Gaughan denied requests for both a new trial and for the verdicts to be thrown out. (B & S, see January 7, 2019)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

Feminism

December 14, 1961: President’s Commission on the Status of Women established by Executive Order 10980. Eleanor Roosevelt headed the Commission, whose work resulted in the Equal Pay Act of 1963 [enacted on June 10, 1963]. (see February 19, 1963)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

December 14 Music et al

Bob Dylan

December 14, 1962: Columbia Records released Bob Dylan’s first single: Mixed Up Confusion. It flopped. (see “In January 1963″)

I Heard It Through the Grapevine

December 14, 1968 – January 21, 1969 – “I Heard It Through the Grapevine” by Marvin Gaye #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

(see Motown Grapevines for more)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

Feminism/Native Americans

December 14, 1985: Wilma P Mankiller sworn in as tribal chief of the Cherokee nation. She was the first woman to hold this post.(Feminism, see March 9, 1986; NA, see February 25, 1987)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

LGBTQ

Colorado

December 14, 1993: Colorado Judge Jeffrey Bayless struck down as unconstitutional the state’s voter-approved ban on gay rights laws. Bayless rejected the argument and ruled that it violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. “If one wished to promote family values,” he wrote, “action would be taken that is pro-family rather than anti some other group.” [NYT article] (see Dec 21)

December 14, 2006: Civil unions become legal in New Jersey. [CNN article] March 2, 2007)

Alabama blocked

December 14, 2015: the U.S. Supreme Court blocked an Alabama judicial ruling that refused to recognize a gay woman’s parental rights over three children she adopted with her lesbian partner and raised from birth. In an unsigned order, the court said the case would be put on hold while the woman, named in court papers as V.L., files a formal appeal of the September ruling by the Alabama Supreme Court.

Lawyers for the woman say the Alabama ruling “effectively stripped V.L. of parental rights over the children she had raised since they were born.” The National Center for Lesbian Rights, which represents V.L., said she will now have visitation rights, having not seen the children since April. [WP article] (LGBTQ, see January 6, 2016; Alabama, see March 7, 2016)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

Dissolution of Yugoslavia

December 14, 1995: the Dayton Agreement signed in Paris; established a general framework for ending the Bosnian War between Bosnia and Herzegovina. (see Dec 20)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

Iraq War II

December 14, 2008: Muntadhar al-Zeidi, an Iraqi journalist, threw his shoes at President George W. Bush during a news conference in Baghdad; Bush was not hit. (IW II,see March 9, 2009: al-Zeidi, see March 12, 2009)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

Military accommodation

December 14, 2015: the US Army announced that the previous week it had, for the first time in decades, temporarily granted a religious accommodation for a beard to an active-duty combat soldier — Captain Simratpal Singh.   (see  April 5, 2016)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

Women’s Health

December 14, 2016: the Obama administration issued a final rule barring states from withholding federal family-planning funds from Planned Parenthood affiliates and other health clinics that provide abortions. (NYT article) (see January 27, 2017)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

US Labor History

December 14, 2017: the National Labor Relations Board overturned a key Obama-era precedent that had given workers significant leverage in challenging companies like fast-food and hotel chains over labor practices.

The ruling changed the standard for holding a company responsible for labor law violations that occur at another company, like a contractor or franchisee, with which it has a relationship.

The doctrine also governed whether such a corporation would have to bargain with workers at a franchise if they unionized, or whether only the owners of the franchise would have to do so.

The board’s 3-to-2 vote, along party lines, restored the pre-2015 standard, which deemed a fast-food corporation a joint employer only if it exercised direct and immediate control over workers at the franchise, and in a way that was not limited. [NYT article] (see February 22, 2018)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

Affordable Care Act

December 14, 2018:  the NY Times reported that federal Judge Reed O’Connor of the Federal District Court in Fort Worth struck down the entire Affordable Care Act on the grounds that its mandate requiring people to buy health insurance was unconstitutional and the rest of the law cannot stand without it.

The ruling was over a lawsuit filed in 2018 by a group of Republican governors and state attorneys general. A group of intervening states led by Democrats promised to appeal the decision, which would most likely not have any immediate effect. But it will almost certainly make its way to the Supreme Court, threatening the survival of the landmark health law and, with it, health coverage for millions of Americans, protections for people with pre-existing conditions and much more.

In his ruling, O’Connor said that the individual mandate requiring people to have health insurance “can no longer be sustained as an exercise of Congress’s tax power.” (see March 25, 2019)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism

Environmental Issues

December 14, 2021:  a temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) in the Russian town of Verkhoyansk on 20 June 2020 has been recognized as a new Arctic temperature record by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

The temperature, more befitting the Mediterranean than the Arctic, was measured at a meteorological observing station during an exceptional and prolonged Siberian heatwave. Average temperatures over Arctic Siberia reached as high as 10 °C (50oF) above normal for much of 2020 summer, fuelling devastating fires, driving massive sea ice loss and playing a major role in 2020 being one of the three warmest years on record.

“This new Arctic record is one of a series of observations reported to the WMO Archive of Weather and Climate Extremes that sound the alarm bells about our changing climate. In 2020, there was also a new temperature record (18.3°C) for the Antarctic continent,” said WMO Secretary-General Prof. Petteri Taalas. [WMO article] (next EI, see February 28, 2022)

Space

Touching the Sun

December 14, 2021:  Leah Crane of the  New Scientist reported that scientists announced that NASA’s Parker Solar Probe became the first spacecraft to “touch” the sun this past April when it reached the sun’s upper atmosphere, known as the corona.

“Parker Solar Probe ‘touching the sun’ is a monumental moment for solar science and a truly remarkable feat,” Thomas Zurbuchen, the associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, said in a press release. “Not only does this milestone provide us with deeper insights into our Sun’s evolution and it’s impacts on our solar system, but everything we learn about our own star also teaches us more about stars in the rest of the universe.”

Scientists announced the feat at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union and published their findings in the journal Physical Review Letters.  [Smithsonian article] (next Space, see October 11, 2022)

December 14 Peace Love Art Activism