Nikita Khrushchev had come to power in the Soviet Union following the death of Josef Stalin. He among others, but eventually he was the leader. It was a time of animosity between the West, represented and led by the United States and the Soviet bloc, represented by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
In 1959, the U.S. and Soviet governments surprised the world by announcing that Khrushchev would visit America in September and meet with Eisenhower face to face.
He arrived on September 15 for two weeks and in addition to many planned diplomatic exchanges, Premier Khrushchev wanted to visit Disneyland.
September 19, 1959
Khrushchev arrived in Los Angeles around noon that day. He had flown from New York and expressed his disappointment at not having the “opportunity of coming into contact with the ordinary people, the workers, who are the backbone of the life of the city, the producers of its wealth.”
Anti Communists lunch with Communist Head
20th Century Fox President Spyros Skouras hosted a luncheon for Khrushchev at the Cafe de Paris, the studio’s commissary. There was a blitz of requests to attend and many Hollywood stars attended such as Frank Sinatra, Gary Cooper, Elizabeth Taylor, and Marilyn Monroe among others. Such enthusiasm to attend an event for a Communist leader was ironic given the blacklisting of so many of Hollywood’s writers, directors, and actors earlier in the decade because of supposed or actual ties to the Communist Party. A few, such as Bing Crosby, Ward Bond, and Ronald Reagan, did turn down their invitations. [Perhaps Reagan said, “Mr Khrushchev, I am tearing up this ticket!”]
Khrushchev Disneyland Nyet
Tomato incident
During the luncheon, the Los Angeles Police Chief William Parker informed Henry Cabot Lodge, the US Ambassador to the United Nations, the he, Parker, could not guarantee the safety of Khrushchev though Parker had thought so earlier. During Khrushchev’s entourage from the airport to 20th Century Fox, someone had thrown a tomato at Khrushchev’s car. It missed, but still worried Parker.
Lodge agreed with Parker’s concerns and said that another event would replace it. Word got to Khrushchev and sent a note to Lodge: “I understand you have canceled the trip to Disneyland. I am most displeased.”
Spyros P. Skouras
Skouras spoke. He represented the immigrant’s American dream. Arriving in the US at 17, selling newpapers, being a bus boy, with his brother investing in a movie theater and then others, by 1932 he managed a chain of 500 theaters.
He said at the luncheon, “In all modesty, I beg you to look at me, I am an example of one of those immigrants who, with my two brothers, came to this country. Because of the American system of equal opportunities, I am now fortunate enough to be president of 20th Century Fox.”
Khrushchev’s following remarks included how he, too, had worked his way up from manual labor to be the powerful person he was.
Khrushchev Can Can
After the luncheon, Skouras brought Khrushchev to the soundstage where Can-Can was being filmed. They stopped and greeted various celebrities, including Marilyn Monroe.
He said to her, “You’re a very lovely young lady.”
Perhaps presenting a dance scene was not the best choice for the prudish leader. After the dance, he denounced that it was a pornographic exploitation, despite his smiles while watching it.
No M-I-C-K-E-Y
That ended his Hollywood visit and there was no Disneyland for Khrushchev. Lodge decided that taking the premier on a tour of tract housing developments instead was the alternative.
It is an easy error to draw a line in history between December 31, 1969 and January 1, 1970 as if that line actually meant something.
We talk abut the tumultuous 60s with its new music, its drug culture, the Baby Boomers growing up, the Vietnam War, and all the other cultural changes as if they were limited to that decade alone.
It is important to keep in mind that some Boomers had not yet turned 13 by 1970, that the new music of the 60s continued into the 70s, the same with drugs, and the American departure from Vietnam was not until April 29, 1975 with its helicopter evacuation from the roof of the American Embassy. And the deaths of Charles McMahon and Darwin Lee Judge the last two American soldiers to die in Vietnam.
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
Birth of an Army
The Symbionese Liberation Army’s story is a long one as is Patty Hearst’s role in it. This blog entry will simply give an overview of both. Donald DeFreeze is the person associated with the radical group’s start.
DeFreeze was a member of Black Cultural Association, a California prison group. It was an inmate self-help group which gradually became more political. Donald DeFreeze, serving a sentence for armed robbery, formed a splinter group, Unisight. Unisight became the basis for the S.L.A.
On March 5, 1973 he escaped from Soledad State Prison. Or, authorities turned a blind eye. That is where the SLA’s story begins: with controversy and conspiracy.
DeFreeze, or General Field Marshal Cinque as he renamed himself, had been a police informant from 1967 to 1969 for the Public Disorder Intelligence Unit of the Los Angeles Police Dept. Some suggest that the SLA was a front and that DeFreeze was an FBI informant.
In any case, four months after his escape a group of Berkeley-area activists announced the organization of a revolutionary group, the Symbionese Liberation Army. It hoped to spark a revolt in Black America. Their goals included closing prisons, ending monogamy, and destroying “all other institutions that have made and sustained capitalism.”
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
Actions of an Army
On November 6, 1973: the SLA ambushed and murdered black Oakland school superintendent Marcus Foster and seriously wound his deputy, Robert Blackburn.
On February 4, 1974, the SLA kidnapped newspaper heiress Patty Hearst. She was a 19-year-old Berkeley student. Three SLA members forced their way into her apartment, beat her fiancé Steven Weed, and abducted her.
Eight days later the SLA delivered a recording to KPFA radio. On it, Hearst told her parents that she was okay. DeFreeze made a demand for food to be distributed to poor people in the area and throughout the country. Hearst’s father Randolph announced the creation of PIN, the People In Need group that would feed the poor with $2 million. DeFreeze demanded the amount be $6 million.
February 22, 1974 was the first day of food distribution. Poor organization resulted in a riot. for People in Need ends in riots. Randolph Hearst stated that $6 million was beyond his capabilities. His representative offered to pay $2 million upon the immediate release of his daughter and an additional $2 million in January 1975.
California governor Ronald Reagan had predicted that no one would take the food from PIN. He then accused the thousands of poor people who lined up “aiding and abetting lawlessness.”
Other PIN distributions occurred over the next month.
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
Hearst joins the SLA
On April 3, 59 days after the kidnapping, Patty Hearst denounced her family and claimed allegiance to the S.L.A. She took the guerrilla name “Tania.” Her family claimed she has been brainwashed.
On April 15 Hearst and four SLA members hold up the bank at gunpoint. They get away with $10,000. Hearst will later claim she was forced to do so.
On April 24 Patty states she fully participated in the bank robbery and at no time did her comrades have a gun pointed at her. She referred to her family as the “pig Hearsts” and to her fiance Steven Weed “an ageist, sexist pig.”
On May 16 authorities caught two SLA members, Emily and Bill Harris shoplifting in a sporting goods store. When a scuffle between the store clerk and Bill Harris began, Patty Hearst, who had been sitting alone in a Volkswagen, shot 27 .30-caliber bullets into the storefront before the trio made a getaway.
The next day the Los Angeles Police Department found S.L.A. members Donald DeFreeze, Willie Wolfe, Patricia Soltysik, Camilla Hall, Angela Atwood, and Nancy Ling Perry Compton The S.L.A. made use of its sizable arsenal in a televised gun battle with L.A.P.D. SWAT teams. Police set the house on fire with gas canisters. all six S.L.A. members died in the fire.
The Harrises and Hearst had watched the shootout from their hotel room near Disneyland.
On June 7 Hearst released a tape in which she continued to state her support and membership in the SLA.
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
Cross-country run
Emily and Bill Harris took over the leadership of the SLA after the shootout. Jack Scott, a writer hoping to do a book on the SLA, helped them find a hideout first in New York City and then in rural Jeffersonville, NY–only eight miles from the site of the Woodstock Music and Art Fair in 1969.
Hearst and company went undetected during their time there. Locals assumed that they were simply summer residents.
It was only after Hearst revealed that she stayed in Jeffersonville that lots of folks recalled seeing her. Jesse Abel, who ran the Jeff Pharmacy, says he saw her eating breakfast every morning at a booth in the diner part of his drug store.
Dick Herbert says he saw her getting a blue Corvair fixed at his Auto Sales shop.
And Jim Hammet of Jim’s Barber Shop remembers seeing Hearst and her pal, Wendy Yoshimura, walking around town.
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
September 18, 1975
Hearst and company returned to California again with the help of Jack Scott.
In Carmichael, California, a botched bank robbery occurred–though Hearst was not with Kathleen Soliah, James Kilgore, Emily Harris and Michael Bortin when there holdup occurred. A woman was killed and a pregnant woman kicked. [2001 SF Gate article]
The FBI finally succeeded when on n September 18, 1975 authorities arrested Patty Hearst, Bill and Emily Harris and Wendy Yoshimura in San Francisco. When asked for her occupation while being booked, Hearst saaid, “urban guerrilla.”
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
Convict Patty Hearst
On March 11, 1976 a jury found Patty Hearst, represented by well-known defense attorney F. Lee Bailey, guilty of armed bank robbery.
On September 24 a judge sentenced her to seven years in prison. She served 22 months before President Jimmy Carter commuted her sentence.
Bill and Emily Harris pleaded guilty to kidnapping Patty Hearst. They served eight years in prison. It was the end of the S.L.A. and its short-lived, dangerous revolutionary dream.
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
1999
On June 16, 1999 St Paul, Minnesota authorities arrested Kathleen Ann Soliah. Soliah, who had changed her name to Sara Jane Olsen, had evaded authorities for more than 20 years. Patty had fingered Soliah in the Carmichael robbery.
In 1976, an LA grand jury had indicted Soliah for placing a bomb in a police vehicle. The bomb had not exploded. Soliah had gone on the run and eventually settled with her husband, a doctor, and three children in St. Paul, Minnesota, where she continued to advocate for various causes under the assumed name Sara Jane Olsen.
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
2001
On his last day in office, January 20, 2001, President Bill Clinton issued a presidential pardon to Patty Hearst
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
2002
In 2002, as part of a plea bargain, Sara Jane Olsen pleaded guilty to two counts of planting bombs and sentenced to five years and four months in jail. The Board of Prison Terms then changed her sentence to 14 years.
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
2004
In 2004, a judge threw out the adjusted 14-year term, saying the board “abused its discretion” in changing the sentence.
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
2009
California released Sara Jane Olsen from prison in March 2009.
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
Dog breeder
Patty Hearst’s dog, a Shih Tzu called Rocket, was a winner at the Westminster Kennel Club dog show in New York. The show is America’s second-oldest sporting event after the Kentucky Derby.
Patty now prefers to be called Patricia and is Patricia Hearst-Shaw. Judges selected Rocket as the top toy dog at Madison Square Garden.
And on February 13, 2017 her dogs were a double winner at the Westminster Dog show in NYC when her French bulldogs won best of breed and best of opposite sex. The NY Times described the wins as “uncommon, bifenthe number of French bulldog entries.”
Kidnapped Patty Hearst Captured
Donald “Cinque” DeFreeze
DeFreeze is buried in Highland Park Cemetery, Highland Hills, Ohio. Plot: Section 17, Marker 219.
Americans typically consider the Beatles starting point in the US as their debut on the Ed Sullivan Show on February 9, 1964. That so many people watched that evening is a great demonstration that the Beatles’ popularity already existed. The show supercharged that popularity.
Swan Beatles She Loves You
Crickets at US start
The Beatles recording presence in the United States had begun in 1963, but to little acclaim. The UK release of “Please Please Me” had been on January 11, 1963. It hit #1 there on February 22.
The US release was on February 7, but the single hardly charted. It only reached No. 35 on the local WLS-AM (Chicago) music survey in March and did not chart at all on Billboard. The Vee Jay label even misspelled their name.
Swan Beatles She Loves You
From a slow first release to…
…a slower second release
When Vee Jay signed an agreement to release “Please Please Me” it also got the right to first refusal. Even though the song did poorly, Vee Jay chose to release “From Me To You” and did that on May 27, 1963.It did even more poorly. By the end of June, “From Me to You” had sold fewer than 4,000 copies and had failed to chart anywhere.
At least Vee Jay spelled the band’s name correctly.
Swan She Loves You
Brian Epstein chose “She Loves You” for the next release. Vee Jay declined. EMI was the Beatles UK label; Capital Records EMI’s US counterpart. Capital refused.
Persistent, Brian Epstein licensed the song to Swan Records, a Philadelphia-based label. Few US radio stations picked it up.
The song’s poor US showing was definitely a surprise. EMI had released the song in the UK on August 23, 1963. It had what would become their trademark “Yeah, yeah, yeah.” It contained their equally famous trademark of the high pitched “Whoooo.”
In the UK, it had had 500,000 advanced orders. It hit #1 on September 14 and was on the charts for 31 consecutive weeks, It was the best-selling single of 1963. “She Loves You” built Beatlemania.
Swan Beatles She Loves You
NBC News
NBC news had a piece on the Beatles on November 18, 1963. It may have helped light the US Beatlemania fuse, but even such national coverage didn’t tip things their way. The link below does work despite its appearance.
Swan Beatles She Loves You
CBS News
CBS broadcast a piece about the Beatles the morning of November 22, 1963 intending to rebroadcast it that evening. Obviously, the assassination of President Kennedy cancelled that broadcast.
Swan Beatles She Loves You
Jack Parr Show
On January 3, 1964 the Jack Paar program showed film footage of The Beatles performing “She Loves You,” but Jack Parr’s demographic did not reach out to those Baby Boomer buyers. It is interesting to note Parr’s claim to have been the first to show the band on American TV. Apparently his fact-checkers, if they existed, missed the two November news reports.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqll7MBaCOY
Swan re-release
Swan re-released “She Loves You.” It hit Billboard #1 on March 21 and remained there until April 3 when the now-wiser Capital Record release, “Can’t Buy Me Love,” replaced it. [Beatles Again site story of various labels]
Swan Beatles She Loves You
What's so funny about peace, love, art, and activism?
