Category Archives: Peace Love Art and Activism

Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Jefferson Airplane Woodstock
The Who had finished, the misty Sunday sunrise appeared, and the Jefferson Airplane would close Saturday’s 22-hour music marathon.

The sun rose and the Jefferson Airplane started at 8 am; they will play for and hour and 45 minutes, thus bringing their set’s ending to around 10 AM. 10 AM meant that Saturday’s part of the festival lasted nearly 22 hours!

It’s a New Dawn

It would be very understandable if the Airplane had done a lackluster performance.  Amusing jokes aside about what kind of party the night had been, et cetera, it was 8 AM! But Grace let everyone know: “All right friends, you have seen the heavy groups, now you will see morning maniac music. Believe me, yea. It’s a new dawn.”

Personnel, the regular guys and…
Setlist
  • The Other Side of This Life
  • Somebody to Love
  • 3/5 of a Mile in 10 Seconds
  • Won’t You Try/Saturday Afternoon
  • Eskimo Blue Day
  • Plastic Fantastic Lover
  • Wooden Ships
  • Uncle Sam Blues
  • Volunteers
  • The Ballad of You & Me & Pooneil
  • Come Back Baby
  • White Rabbit
  • The House at Pooneil Corner
Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

The Other Side of This LifeJefferson Airplane Woodstock

Fred Neil wrote it and the song had been on their then most recent album, Bless Its Pointed Little Head, a live album recorded at both the Fillmore East and West in 1968. This cover is nothing like Neil’s version, but at about 6:18 they call out his name.

Would you like to know a secret just between you and me
I don’t know where I’m going next, I don’t know who I’m gonna be
But that’s the other side of this life I’ve been leading
That’s the other side of this life.
Well my whole world’s in an uproar, my whole world’s upside down
I don”t know where I’m going next, but I’m always bumming around
And that’s another side to this life I’ve been leading
And that’s another side to this life
Well I don’t know what doing for half the time, I don’t know where I’m going
I think I’ll get me a sailing boat and sail the Gulf of Mexico
But that’s another side of this life I’ve been leading
And that’s another side of this life
Well I think I’ll go to Nashville down in Tennessee
The ten cent life I’ve been leading here gonna be the death of me
But that’s the other side of this life I’ve been leading
And that’s another side to this life
Would you like to know a secret just between you and me
I don’t know where I’m going next, I don’t know who I’m gonna be
But that’s the other side of this life I’ve been leading
But that’s the other side of this life.

Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Somebody to Love

Darby Slick, 2011

Darby Slick wrote the song. He was a member of The Great Society, a band that included his brother Jerry and Jerry’s wife, Grace.  As a Great Society single, the song didn’t succeed, but when Grace went to the Airplane and the band used Darby’s song, it became one of the biggest hits of the 60s.

Before Grace begins the song, she observes that, “Somehow, this is doing it to me. when I put my hand on it. It’s gonna arc…” likely referring to her mic or mic on the mic stand.

The short delay (“bit of a piano problem”) continues, Grace says that “I’m going sit here and watch the show with you people” but Spencer Dryden’s drums indicate that the show will go on.

When the truth is found to be lies
And all the joy within you dies
Don’t you want somebody to love, don’t you
Need somebody to love, wouldn’t you
Love somebody to love, you better
Find somebody to love

When the garden flowers baby are dead, yes and
Your mind, your mind is so full of red
Don’t you want somebody to love, don’t you
Need somebody to love, wouldn’t you
Love somebody to love, you better
Find somebody to love

Your eyes, I say your eyes may look like his
Yeah, but in your head, baby, I’m afraid you don’t know where it is
Don’t you want somebody to love, don’t you
Need somebody to love, wouldn’t you
Love somebody to love, you better
Find somebody to love

Tears are running down and down and down your breast
And your friends, baby they treat you like a guest
Don’t you want somebody to love, don’t you
Need somebody to love, wouldn’t you
Love somebody to love, you better
Find somebody to love

Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

3/5 of a Mile in 10 Seconds

Jefferson Airplane WoodstockMarty Balin wrote it and for those of you who are (like me) wondered how fast 3/5 of a mile in 10 seconds is, but are (also like me) too lazy to do the math, it’s 216 mph. The song appeared on the band’s 1967 Surrealistic Pillow.

As tuning continues, Grace suggest that they just play it out of tune. Do it anyway.

Do away with people blowin’ my mind
Do away with people wastin’ my precious time
Take me to a simple place
Where I can easily see my face
Maybe baby, I’ll see that you were kind
Know I love you baby, yes I do
Know I love you baby, yes I do
Do away with people laughin’ at my hair
Do away with people frownin’ on my precious cares
Take me to a circus tent
Where I can easily pay my rent
And all the other freaks will share my cares
Know I love you baby, yes I do
Know I love you baby, yes I do
Do away with things that come on obscene
Like hot rods, pre-cleaned real fine nicotine
Sometimes the price is sixty-five dollars
Prices like that make a grown man holler
‘Specially when it’s sold by a kid who’s only fifteen
Know I love you baby, yes I do
Know I love you baby, yes I do
Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Won’t You Try/Saturday Afternoon

Jefferson Airplane WoodstockWritten by Paul Kantner, the song had appeared on the band’s 1967 After Bathing At Baxter’s album. According to Jeff Tamarkin‘s history of the Airplane, “baxter” was the band’s code for LSD and the title as a whole translates to “After Tripping On Acid.” The song itself is fairly obvious in its LSD references.

Won’t you try
Won’t you try
Won’t you try
Find a way to need someone
Find a way to see
Find a way to need someone and the sunshine will set you free
Won’t you try
With love before we’re gone
Won’t you try
Won’t you try
Won’t you try

Saturday afternoon
Saturday afternoon
When your head is feeling fine
You can ride inside our car
I will give you caps of blue and silver sunlight for your hair
All that soon will be is what you need to see, my love
Won’t you try
Won’t you try
I do care that you do see
Is it time to leave, my lady
Yes it is I know
Round about and everywhere sunshine instead of snow
Times can’t change that what I say is true

I’ll come through for you
And I’ll come through for you, my love
Won’t you try
Won’t you try
Won’t you try
Won’t you try
Saturday afternoon
Yellow clouds rising in the noon
Acid incense and balloons
Saturday afternoon
People dancing everywhere
Loudly shouting I don’t care
It’s a time for growing, and a time for knowing
Saturday afternoon
Saturday afternoon (won’t you try)
Saturday afternoon (won’t you try)
Saturday afternoon (won’t you try)
Won’t you try (Saturday afternoon)
Won’t you try (Saturday afternoon)
Won’t you try
Won’t you try

Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Eskimo Blue Day

Paul Kantner and Grace Slick wrote the song. The Airplane had already recorded their next album, Volunteers, but it would not be released until November where this song appeared.

Sun cuts loose from the frozen
Until it joins with the African sea
In moving it changes its cold and its name
The reason I come and I go is the same
Animal game for me
You call it rain
But the human name
Doesn’t mean shit to a tree
And if you don’t mind heat in your river and
Fork tongue talking from me
Swim like an eel fantastic snake
Take my love when it’s free
Electric feel with me
You call it loud
But the human crowd
Doesn’t mean shit to a tree
Change the strings and notes slide
Change the bridge and string shift down
Shift the notes and bridge sings
Fire eating people
Rising toys of the sun
Energy dies without body warm
Icicles ruin your gun
Water my roots the natural thing
Natural spring to the sea
Sulfur springs make my body float
Like a ship made of logs from a tree
Oh, redwoods talk to me
Say it plainly
The human name
Doesn’t mean shit to a tree
Snow called water going violent
Damn the end of the stream
Too much cold in one place breaks
That’s why you might know what I mean
Consider how small you are
Compared to your scream
The human dream
Doesn’t mean shit to a tree
Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Plastic Fantastic Lover

Marty Balin wrote it and the song was the B-side of their Somebody to Love single. While it may seem to refer to something sexual, it apparently refers to a new stereo system Balin purchased.

Before the song, Grace says, “We got a whole lot of orange, and it was fine. Still is fine. Everybody’s vibrating.”

People call out requests.

Her neon mouth with a bleeding talk smile
Is nothing but electric sign
You could say she has an individual style
She’s a part of a colorful time
Super-sealed lady, chrome-color clothes
You wear ’cause you have no other
But I suppose no one knows
You’re my plastic fantastic lover
Your rattlin’ cough never shuts off
Is nothing but a used machine
Your aluminum finish, slightly diminished
Is the best I’ve ever seen
Cosmetic baby, plug into me
And never, ever find another
And I realize no one’s wise
To my plastic fantastic lover
The electrical dust is starting to rust
Her trapezoid thermometer taste
All the red tape is mechanical rape
Of the TV program waste
Data control and I.B.M.
Science is mankind’s brother
But all I see is draining me
On my plastic fantastic lover
Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Wooden Ships

David Crosby, Stephen Stills, and Paul Kantner, so this is the rare song that was twice-played at Woodstock by two different groups. The Airplane stretch out the song for 22 minutes compared to CS & N’s 6:46 version.

At a time when so many young people felt disconnected from society and often rejected its values, the notion of getting away had much appeal.

Perhaps Woodstock was a wooden ship for the weekend?

If you smile at me you know I will understand
‘Cause that is something everybody everywhere does
In the same language
I can see by your coat my friend that you’re from the other side
There’s just one thing I got to know
Can you tell me please who won
You must try some of my purple berries
I been eating them for six or seven weeks now
Haven’t got sick once
Probably keep us both alive, yeah
Wooden ships on the water very free and easy
Easy you know the way it’s supposed to be
Silver people on the shoreline leave us be
Very free and easy
Sail away where the morning sun goes high
Sail away where the wind blows sweet and young birds fly
Take a sister by her hand
Lead her far from this barren land
Horror grips us as we watch you die
All we can do is echo your anguished cry
Stare as all you human feelings die
We are leaving
You don’t need us
Oh
Go and take a sister by her hand
Lead her far from this foreign land
Somewhere where we might laugh again
We are leaving
You don’t need us (need us, no)
You don’t need us
Sailing ships on the water very free and easy
Easy you know the way it’s supposed to be
Silver people on the shoreline leave us be
Very free
And gone
No, no, no, no, no, no, no
No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no
(Oh) no, no, no, no, no, no, no
(Oh)
Ride the music, ride the music, ride the music
Go ride the music (oh ride), oh ride the music (oh ride), oh, ride the music, c’mon
Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Uncle Sam Blues

Jorma Kaukonen and Jack Casady were blues lovers and this is a cover of Oran “Hot Lips” Page’s composition. He wrote it in 1944 in reaction to World War II.  In 1969, the crowd likely had parents who fought in World War II and just as likely knew someone right then who was in Vietnam.

Got my questionnaire baby
You know I’m headed off for war
I got my questionnaire baby
You know I’m headed off for war
Well, now I’m gonna do some fightin’
Well, no one knows what for
Well, Uncle Sam ain’t no woman
You know he sure can take your man
Said Uncle Sam ain’t no woman
You know he sure can take your man
Well, there’s 40, 000 guys in the service list
Doin’ somethin’ somewhere they just don’t
Understand
Well, I’m gonna do some fightin’
Of that I can be sure
Said I’m gonna do some fightin’
Of that I can be sure
Well, now I want to kill somebody
Won’t have to break no kind of law
I got my questionnaire baby
You know I’m headed off for war
I got my questionnaire baby
You know I’m headed off for war
Well, I want to kill somebody
Won’t have to break no kind of law

Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Volunteers

Jefferson Airplane WoodstockMarty Balin and Paul Kantner wrote this song and it would appear on the upcoming Volunteers album. It will be a single off the album as well.

Look what’s happening out in the streets
Got a revolution (got to revolution)
Hey, I’m dancing down the streets
Got a revolution (got to revolution)
Oh, ain’t it amazing all the people I meet?
Got a revolution (got to revolution)
One generation got old
One generation got soul
This generation got no destination to hold
Pick up the cry
Hey, now it’s time for you and me
Got a revolution (got to revolution)
Hey, come on now we’re marching to the sea
Got a revolution (got to revolution)
Who will take it from you, we will and who are we?
Well, we are volunteers of America (volunteers of America)
Volunteers of America (volunteers of America)
I’ve got a revolution
Got a revolution
Look what’s happening out in the streets
Got a revolution (got to revolution)
Hey, I’m dancing down the streets
Got a revolution (got to revolution)
Oh, ain’t it amazing all the people I meet?
Got a revolution, oh-oh
We are volunteers of America
Yeah, we are volunteers of America
We are volunteers of America (volunteers of America)
Volunteers of America (volunteers of America)
Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

The Ballad of You & Me & Pooneil

Paul Kantner wrote this song and it had appeared on the Baxter’s album. From WikipediaThe title of the song refers to Winnie the Pooh as well as the folk singer Fred Neil. Parts of the lyric are taken from A. A. Milne‘s first book of children’s poetry, When We Were Very Young. The first four lines of both the first and last verses are taken almost word-for-word from the poem “Spring Morning” in the book. Another source was the Milne poem “Halfway Down”, the origin of the third verse’s lines “Halfway down the stair / Is a stair where I sit”. Neil was a big influence on Paul Kantner, as were Milne’s books.”

If you were a bird and you lived very high
You’d lean on the wind when the breeze came by
You’d say to the wind as it took you away
That’s where I wanted to go today
And I do know that I need to have you around
And I do, I do know that I need to have you around
Love like a mountain springtime
Flashing through the rivers of my mind
It’s what I feel for you
You and me go walking south
And we see all the world around us
The colors blind my eyes and my mind to all but you
And I do know that I need to have you around
And I do, I do know that I need to have you around
Around
I have a house where I can go
When there’s too many people around me
I can sit and watch all the people
Down below goin’ by me
Halfway down the stairs is a stair
Where I sit and think about you and me
I sit and think about you and me
But I wonder will the sun still see all the people goin’ by
Will the moon still hang in the sky when I die
When I die, when I’m high, when I die, when I die?
If you were a cloud and you sailed up there
You’d sail on water as blue as air
You’d see me here in the fields and say
Doesn’t the sky look green today?
But I wonder will the sun still see all the people goin’ by
Will the moon still hang in the sky when I die
When I die, when I die
When I’m high, when I die, die, die, die, die?
Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

Come Back Baby

Walter Davis

The crowd calls for more. The band returns with a traditional song written and recorded by Walter Davis in 1940. Jorma Kaukonen arranged this cover and it appeared as a bonus track on the 2003 release of Surrealistic Pillow as well as on Kaukonen’s 2007 album Stars in My Crown.

Come back baby, baby please don’t go
Way I love you, I want the world to know
Come back baby, let’s talk it over, one more time

Ah, this old world, well will fade one day
Said come back, baby, and don’t go away now
Ah, come back baby, let’s talk it over, one more time

Ah, come back baby, baby please don’t go
The way I love you, I want the world to know
Come back baby, let’s talk it over, one more time
One more time

Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

White Rabbit

Jefferson Airplane WoodstockGrace Slick wrote it while still with the Great Society. It appeared on Surrealistic Pillow. The song obviously combines Lewis Carroll’s writings imagery with then contemporary drug imagery.

One pill makes you larger, and one pill makes you small
And the ones that mother gives you, don’t do anything at all
Go ask Alice, when she’s ten feet tall
And if you go chasing rabbits, and you know you’re going to fall
Tell ’em a hookah-smoking caterpillar has given you the call
He called Alice, when she was just small
When the men on the chessboard get up and tell you where to go
And you’ve just had some kind of mushroom, and your mind is moving low
Go ask Alice, I think she’ll know
When logic and proportion have fallen sloppy dead
And the White Knight is talking backwards
And the Red Queen’s off with her head
Remember what the Dormouse said
Feed your head, feed your head
Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

The House at Pooneil Corner

This song will appear on the Airplane’s Crown of Creation album. Marty Balin mainly wrote it with help from Paul Kantner.

Matthew Greenwald from AllMusic wroteAn epic closer to Crown of Creation, “House at Pooneil Corners” is as ambitious a song as the Airplane had yet to attempt. In this science fiction-inspired song about a nuclear holocaust, the lyrics illustrate a scene so devastating and frightening that it takes the group’s summer of love image and turns it inside out. Around this time, Kantner was collaborating with David Crosby on “Wooden Ships,” which has a very similar subject matter — although that song certainly has a more escapist tone. Musically, “House” is a minor-key psychedelic masterpiece, driven by a powerful, dark melody and some exquisitely strange guitar lines from Jorma Kaukonen.

You and me we keep walkin’ around and we see
All the bullshit around us
You try and keep your mind on what’s going down
Can’t help but see the rhinoceros around us
[Grace Slick has the band return to the top]
And you wonder what you can do
And you do what you can
To get balled and high
And you know I’m still gonna need you around
You say it’s healing but nobody’s feeling it
Somebody’s dealing – somebody’s stealing it
You say you don’t see and you don’t
You say you won’t know and you won’t let it come
Everything someday will be gone except silence
The Earth will be quiet again
Seas from clouds will wash off the ashes of violence
Left as the memory of men
There will be no survivor my friend
Suddenly everyone will look surprised
Stars spinning wheels in the skies
Sun is scrambled in their eyes
While the moon circles like a vulture
Some people stood at a window and cried one tear
I thought that would stop a war
But someone is killing meAnd that’s the last hour to think anymore
Jelly and juice and bubbles, bubbles on the floorCastles on the cliffs vanish
Cliffs like heaps of rubbish
Seen from the stars hour by hour
As splintered scraps and black powderFrom here to heaven is a scar
Dead center, deep as death
All the idiots have left
The idiots have left
Cows are almost cooing
Turtle doves are mooing
Which is why a Pooh is poohing
In the sun

Sun
Jefferson Airplane Woodstock
Thus “Saturday” ended and…
Sunday would slowly begin.

Jefferson Airplane Woodstock

The first act of Sunday was Joe Cocker.

Sunrise to Sunset Festival

Sunrise to Sunset Festival

May 31 – June 2, 1969

Stanley Carlson farm in Duvall, WA

(after the Tulalip Indian Reservation in Marysville, WA cancelled)

1969 festival #10

Duvall is a city in King County, Washington, located on SR 203 halfway between Monroe and Carnation. The population was 8,034 at the 2020 census.

As a  myopic Woodstock 1969 alum, I always thought that Woodstock was the only 1969 festival other than in the infamous Altamont at the end of the year.

I’ve learned repeatedly how wrong I was and am continually astounded at how many other 1969 festivals there were: at least 49, most of which were in the United States.

In October 2022, Glen Beebee, a reader posted a comment under my post about those other festivals. He pointed out that I had missed (yet) another one: the Sunrise to Sunset Festival in Duvall, Washington. He provided the jpegs of the concert poster as well as the newspaper article. Thank you Glen.

Otherwise,  I find very little about it. I did find a reference to two nearby 1968 events: a piano drop and a festival. Here’s a bit about them.

BTW…Glen also points out that there was also the Spring Flush (Santana, It’s a Beautiful Day, Peanut Butter Conspiracy, Spring,Alice Stuart (Thomas), Gazebo, Juggernaut, Retina Circus (light show) at HEC Edmundson Pavilion 5/3/69.  Very subjectively, I’ve limited my accounting of 1969 festivals to multi-day events, so will not include the Spring Flush on my list, but it does point out two things: one, there was a lot of outdoor rock music happening by 1969 and two, the Northwest played (literally and figuratively) a big part in that cornucopia.

Sunrise to Sunset Festival

Great Piano Drop, 1968

Sunrise to Sunset Festival
This photo of Joe McDonald, shot by “Helix” editor Paul Dorpat at Sea-Tac International Airport, was used to advertise a weekend of shows, including the Piano Drop, by Country Joe and the Fish. Above: An ad for two benefit events (including the Piano Drop) for the “Helix” and radio station KRAB.

Duvall had already experienced another counter-cultural  event. On April 28, 1968 there was the Great Piano Drop on musician Larry Vanover’s farm in Duvall. A helicopter dropped an upright piano into a field just so everyone could hear what it would sound like. Organizers thought if they could get people out to a rural spot to watch a piano drop, then they’d come out to a festival, too.

If you are a Northern Exposure fan, a piano drop will sound familiar as in the February 3,  1992 episode Burning Down the House,  Chris initially decided to fling a cow, but did a piano instead.

And (of course) that plot was likely inspired by Monty Python who occasionally used the idea in episodes. A video game also uses the concept:

Sunrise to Sunset Festival

Sky River Festival, 1968

Sky River Rock Festival and Lighter Than Air Fair opens a ...

Over Labor Day weekend that year, the Great Piano Drop yielded its fruit: the Sky River Festival. It was likely America’s first outdoor, multi-day hippie rock festival on an undeveloped site. Think Woodstock, but a year earlier.

From an April 23, 2015 article by Ben Marks in Collectors Weekly:

…the organizers of Woodstock may well have taken their cue from the Sky River Rock Festival and Lighter Than Air Fair, held over Labor Day weekend of 1968,… At Sky (short for Skykomish) River, some 20,000 people descended on Betty Nelson’s organic raspberry farm in Sultan, Washington, to turn on, frolic naked in the mud, and tune into the music of 20 or so bands and performers, playing everything from folk and blues to jazz and rock. A young Richard Pryor was there (his debut comedy album would be released that November), as was the Grateful Dead, whose unscheduled appearance on the last day of the festival was as big a surprise to the concert’s exhausted and bewildered promoters as it was to the appreciative crowd.

But I digress. “What about the Sunrise to Sunset Festival,” you ask.  I digress for a good reason: I can find very little about the festival other than it did actually happen. The above referenced AP article is The Daily Chronicle from Monday 2 June 1969. The headline reads: Hippies Take To the Hills.

The articles first sentence reads …hippies and some of the not-so-hip took to the hills during the Memorial Day weekend to follow the Sunrise to Sunset Rock Festival as it moved from Marysville to this tiny King County community, scene of a piano drop last April.

Sunrise to Sunset Festival

30 Bands

Click on picture to see full size…easier to read

The article says that there were 30 bands, but does not mention one of them. Apparently the biggest local issue was a traffic jam when a  parking area flooded, The wunderground.com site shows it was somewhat a chilly weekend that had had rain some rain in the days before.

Sunrise to Sunset Festival

Sky River Rock Festival  & Lighter Than Air Fair, 1969

Sunrise to Sunset Festival

Tenino, Washington is nearly 100 miles south of Duvall and on August 30, 31, and September 1, 1969 was the Sky River Rock Festival and Light Than Air Fair. Besides have what is likely the longest name of any fair that year (or ever?).

Follow my link above to read all about it.

Or follow this link to 1969’s festival #11: The Mississippi River Festival.

Sunrise to Sunset Festival

SPLIT FOUNTAIN HIEROGLYPHICS

And a shout out to Glen and his associates for their book: Split Fountain Hieroglyphics: Psychedelic Concert Posters from the Seattle Area, 1966-1969.

From their site: The 60’s Seattle area poster scene has been chronicled in this new, hardcover, 150 page volume titled: Split Fountain Hieroglyphics: Psychedelic Concert Posters from the Seattle Area, 1966-1969. With help from Glen Beebe (design/production), Ben Marks (editor) and a foreword by Art Chantry, I’ve published a limited edition of 500, signed and numbered books. With almost 200, full color illustrations of concert art, artist interviews and essays covering topics such as the Piano Drop and Sky River,

Sunrise to Sunset Festival

Next 1969 festival: Mississippi River Festival

Tulsa Race Massacre

Tulsa Race Massacre

The Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma had earned the nickname America’s Black Wall Street. By 1921, it was a 35-block neighborhood with a bustling retail scene, as well as two schools, two newspapers and a hospital. Dozens of successful black-owned, black-run businesses were there. Hundreds of Blacks lived within walking distance of  grocery stores, hotels, nightclubs, billiard halls, theaters, doctor’s offices and churches.

It was a city within a city.

Tulsa Race Massacre

Post Civil War

According to a New York Times article, “Many African-Americans migrated to Tulsa after the Civil War, carrying dreams of new chapters and the kind of freedom found in owning businesses. Others made a living working as maids, waiters, chauffeurs, shoe shiners and cooks for Tulsa’s new oil class.

In Greenwood, residents held more than 200 different types of jobs. About 40 percent of the community’s residents were professionals or skilled craftspeople, like doctors, pharmacists, carpenters and hairdressers, according to a Times analysis of the 1920 census. While a vast majority of the neighborhood rented, many residents owned their homes.”

Though Blacks enjoyed success within Greenwood,  as with all areas in the United States, the majority white Tulsa community continued to deny them access to society in general.

Tulsa Race Massacre

May 30 and June 1, 1921

On  May 30, 1921 there was an elevator incident. As with nearly all such incidents, the truth is likely not close to the stories that were told.

The incident involved Dick Rowland, 19, a young Black shoe shiner, and Sarah Page, 17, a white elevator operator and likely was that Rowland tripped and grabbed onto the arm of Page while trying to catch his fall. She screamed, and he ran away, according to the 200-page 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission  report released on February 28, 2001.

Tulsa Race Massacre

May 31, 1921

Authorities arrest Dick Rowland the following day and jailed him in the Tulsa County Courthouse. As usual, the white-owned newspapers inflamed white Tulsa residents with the headline: “Nab Negro for Attacking Girl in Elevator.”

While any report, however spurious,  of any Black person’s “disrespect” of a White  person was cause for revenge, the interaction between a Black male and a White female was particularly provoking.

A lynch mob showed up outside the Courthouse. Twice, a group of armed Black Tulsans, many of them World War I veterans, offered to help protect Rowland but the sheriff turned them away.

As the men left the second time, a white man tried to disarm one of the black men. His weapon discharged and that sparked the always-simmering excuse to teach “them” a lesson.

Later, authorities would drop the charges against Rowland and concluded that he had most likely tripped and stepped on the Page’s foot, but that conclusion came far too late.

Tulsa Race Massacre

2-days of Destruction

Tulsa Race Massacre

A white mob descended on Greenwood.

Again according to the NY Times article, The mob “…indiscriminately shot Black people in the streets, ransacked homes, stole money and jewelry.

“They set fires, “house by house, block by block,” according to the commission report.

“Terror came from the sky, too. White pilots flew airplanes that dropped dynamite over the neighborhood, the report stated, making the Tulsa aerial attack what historians call among the first of an American city.

“The numbers presented a staggering portrait of loss: 35 blocks burned to the ground; as many as 300 dead; hundreds injured; 8,000 to 10,000 left homeless; more than 1,470 homes burned or looted.”

Another article speaks about members of the Oklahoma National Guard arresting Black victims and detaining 6,000 Greenwood residents at the Convention Hall and the Fairgrounds, some for as long as eight days.

Tulsa Race Massacre

Silent Aftermath

Though some Black residents attempted to stay and rebuilt, it never again was America’s Black Wall Street.

Tulsa passed a fire ordinance intended to prevent Black property owners from rebuilding on their own and insurance companies that refused to pay damage claims.

Tulsa hid the story.  Decades later when some young Black college students from Tulsa learned of the Massacre, they responded with disbelief how effective the secret keeping had been.

No one was ever prosecuted or punished for the Massacre and in 2005, the Supreme Court declined to hear a case brought by massacre victims, who appealed the decision of two federal court judges who said the victims waited too long to file their lawsuit.

July 9, 2023: there had been a lawsuit regarding compensation but on this date Oklahoma Judge Caroline Wall threw out the lawsuit.

August 16, 2023: the Oklahoma Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal of July 9 dismissal of the lawsuit filed by the attack’s last at the time three living survivors.

June 12, 2024: the Oklahoma Supreme Court affirmed the lower court’s dismissal of the lawsuit.

The ruling concluded the lawsuit that Lessie Benningfield Randle, 109, and Viola Ford Fletcher, 110, filed in 2020. Another survivor of the massacre, Hughes Van Ellis, the younger brother of Ms. Fletcher, died at 102 in October 2023.

The justices ruled that the plaintiffs’ grievances, including any lingering economic and social impact of the massacre, “do not fall within the scope of our state’s public nuisance statute” and do not support a claim for reparations.

“The continuing blight alleged within the Greenwood community born out of the Massacre implicates generational-societal inequities that can only be resolved by policymakers — not the courts,” the ruling stated. [NYT article]

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Here is a link to many photos related to the Massacre.

And here a link to an excellent Smithsonian Magazine article entitled Artifacts From the Tulsa Race Massacre.

Tulsa Race Massacre