February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Immigration History

Chinese arrive

February 2, 1848: the first Chinese emigrants arrived in San Francisco. (see March 3, 1855)

Biden Rollbacks

February 2, 2021: President signed three executive orders aimed at further rolling back former President Trump’s assault on  immigration  and at reuniting migrant children who were separated from their families at the Mexican border.

In one order, the president directed the secretary of homeland security to lead a task force that will try to put back together several hundred families that remain separated under Trump’s “zero tolerance” policy, which sought to discourage migration across the country’s southern border.

With two other orders, Biden authorized a wholesale review of Trump’s immigration policies that limited asylum, stopped funding to foreign countries, made it more difficult to get green cards or be naturalized, and slowed down legal immigration into the United States. [NYT article] (next IH, see Feb 24)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

Frederick Douglass

February 2, 1866: an African-American delegation led by Frederick Douglass met with President Andrew Johnson at the White House and advocated that those freed from slavery should be given the right to vote. The President rejected his proposal. (see Mar 27)

Japanese Internment Camps

February 2, 1948: President Harry Truman delivered a special message to Congress on civil rights, with a set of legislative proposals. His proposals were based in large part on the report of his Civil Rights Committee, “To Secure These Rights,” [released on October 29, 1947]. The report was the first-ever, comprehensive presidential message on civil rights. Truman recommended the establishment of a permanent Commission on Civil Rights; federal protection against lynching; protection of the right to vote; settling claims of Japanese-Americans who had been relocated after the attack on Pearl Harbor; statehood for Alaska and Hawaii; suffrage and self-government for the District of Columbia; and “prohibiting discrimination in interstate transportation facilities.”  (BH, see Mar 2;  see Japanese for expanded chronology)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

February 2, 1956: Jeanetta Reese withdrew from the bus seating suit explaining that she and her husband had been threatened with economic retaliation and violence. (see MBB for expanded chronology)

University of Alabama

February 2, 1956: the University of Alabama Board of Trustees rejected the now-married Polly Myers Hudson on the grounds of her “conduct and marital record” likely thinking that Autherine Lucy would not attend without a friend to be with. (BH & U of A, see Feb 3)

The Greensboro Four

February 2, 1960:  twenty-five men, including the four freshmen, along with four women returned to the F.W. Woolworth store. The students sat from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. while white patrons heckled them. Undaunted, they sat with books and study materials to keep them busy. They were still refused service.

Reporters from both newspapers, a TV camera man and Greensboro police officers monitored the scene. Once the sit-ins hit the news, momentum picked up and students across the community embraced the movement. That night, students met with college officials and concerned citizens. They organized the Student Executive Committee for Justice to plan the continued demonstrations. This committee sent a letter to the president of F.W. Woolworth in New York requesting that his company “take a firm stand to eliminate discrimination”. Meanwhile, at its regular monthly meeting, the NAACP voted in unanimous support of the students’ efforts. (see G4 for expanded chronology)

Rock Hill, South Carolina

February 2, 1961: civil rights demonstrators in Rock Hill, South Carolina, who were arrested for organizing and participating in sit-ins, began a “jail-in” by refusing to post bail, with the intention of filling the local jail. The Rock Hill sit-ins had begun a year earlier, in February 1960, as part of the first wave of national sit-ins, and continued off and on into 1961. Demonstrators were arrested in January 1961, convicted, and sentenced to jail. On this day, they began serving their sentences of “hard labor” at the York County Prison Farm. (see Feb 9)

George Whitmore, Jr

February 2, 1965: a U.S. Justice Department spokesperson said the department was “following the [Whitmore] situation closely.” (see Whitmore for expanded story)

Congressional Black Caucus

February 2, 1971:  the Congressional Black Caucus was officially founded with 13 members. In the 111th Congress, the caucus had 42 members. (see Mar 8)

SOUTH AFRICA/APARTHEID

February 2, 1990: South Africa President F.W. de Klerk  lifted the ban on the A.N.C. and several other political organizations, and lifted many of the restrictions put in place when the state of emergency was declared four years earlier. He promised that Mandela would be released shortly. (see Feb 11)

Medgar Evers

February 2, 1994: the defense in the third trial of Byron De La Beckwith began its presentation much the same way its counterparts did at the first trial 30 years earlier: calling witnesses who placed the defendant 95 miles away at the time of the shooting. Two witnesses, a businessman and auxiliary police officer from the town of Greenwood by the name of Roy Jones, and a retired Greenwood police lieutenant, Hollis Cresswell, were heard through the reading of the transcript of their testimony at the first trial in 1964. (see Feb 5)

Young, Black, and shot dead

February 2, 2012: a police officer shot and killed Ramarley Graham, 18, after running into his home as officers pursued him. The shooting of Graham was the third time in a week that a member of the Police Department had killed a suspect. ]

On January 26, an off-duty police lieutenant shot a 22-year-old carjacking suspect in Cypress Hills, Brooklyn.

And on Sunday, an off-duty detective shot a 17-year-old in Bushwick, Brooklyn, during a mugging, the authorities said.  (see Feb 9)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Women’s Health

February 2, 1917: arrested on October 25, 1916, for operating the first birth control clinic in the U.S., in Brooklyn, New York it (had opened on October 16, 1916), authorities offered Margaret Sanger a suspended sentence if she would agree to obey New York State laws outlawing birth control clinics. She refused on this day and, as a result, served a month in jail. Her sister, Ethel Byrne, who had also been arrested, had already been convicted and served her jail sentence. Byrne had gone on a hunger strike that seriously imperiled her health. With that in mind, Margaret Sanger chose not to do a hunger strike and instead spent that time educating the other inmates about sex and birth control, over the protests of the jail matron. She also read to the illiterate inmates. (see May 6)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Vietnam

Agent Orange

February 2, 1962: the first U.S. Air Force plane was lost in South Vietnam. The C-123 aircraft crashed while spraying defoliant on a Viet Cong ambush site. The aircraft was part of Operation Ranch Hand, a technological area-denial technique designed to expose the roads and trails used by the Viet Cong. U.S. personnel dumped an estimated 19 million gallons of defoliating herbicides over 10-20 percent of Vietnam and parts of Laos from 1962 to 1971. Agent Orange–so named from the color of its metal containers–was the most frequently used. (see Feb 14)

Tet Offensive “a failure”

February 2, 1968: President Johnson labeled the North Vietnamese’s Tet Offensive “a complete failure.” For the North Vietnamese, the Tet Offensive is both a military and political failure in Vietnam. The “general uprising” they had hoped to ignite among South Vietnamese peasants against the Saigon government never materialized. Viet Cong had also come out of hiding to do most of the actual fighting, suffered devastating losses, and never regained their former strength. As a result, most of the fighting will be taken over by North Vietnamese regulars fighting a conventional war. Tet’s only success, and an unexpected one, was in eroding grassroots support among Americans and in Congress for continuing the war indefinitely. (see Feb 13)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

February 2 Music et al

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

February 2, 1963, The Beatles before their US appearance: The Beatles begin British tour opening for Helen Shapiro. (see Feb 7)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Irish Troubles

February 2, 1972:  Prime Minister Edward Heath commissions the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Widgery to undertake a tribunal into the Jan 30 shootings in Derry. (see IT for expanded chronology)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Fair Housing

February 2, 1973: President Nixon declared  a moratorium on housing and community development assistance. (see August 22, 1974)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Feminism

February 2, 1977: legal secretary Iris Rivera was fired for refusing to make coffee for her employer. A Chicago-based advocacy group, Women Employed, led a series of public actions against her firing and eventually Rivera got her job back. (see June 20)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

US Labor History

February 2, 1987: a 170-day lockout (although management called it a strike) of 22,000 steelworkers by USX Corp. ended with a pay cut but greater job security. It was the longest work stoppage in the history of the U.S. steel industry.  (see March 7, 1988)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

CLINTON IMPEACHMENT

February 2, 1999: House prosecutors questioned presidential friend Vernon Jordan for three hours in a closed-door deposition. (see Clinton for expanded story)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Iraq War II

Not a long war

February 2, 2006:  when asked, “Is Iraq going to be a long war?” Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld answered, “No, I don’t believe it is.” (see Feb 3)

Increase spending request

February 2, 2007:  Reuters reported that “President George W. Bush will ask Congress for $99.7 billion for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars for rest of fiscal year 2007 and more than $145 billion for fiscal year 2008. … That money comes on top of $70 billion that Congress approved for the current fiscal year, adding up to a total of $170 billion and making it the most expensive year yet for the war.” (see Feb 18)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Environmental Issues

February 2 Peace Love Activism

February 2, 2007: at a meeting in Paris, France, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded for the first time that global warming was “unequivocal” and that human activity was the main driver, “very likely” causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950. The panel said the world was in for centuries of climbing temperatures, rising seas, and shifting weather patterns — unavoidable results of the buildup of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. The report also said that warming and its harmful consequences could be substantially blunted by prompt action. (see Apr 2)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

LGBTQ

February 2, 2012: Freedom to Marry and the Human Rights Campaign team up and launched the Respect for Marriage Coalition, a group of over 50 civil rights, labor, progressive, faith, student, women’s, and LGBTQ organizations dedicated to repealing the Defense of Marriage Act. (see Feb 6  or see or see December 13, 2022 re DoMA)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Malala Yousafzai

February 2, 2013: Yousufzai was nominated for the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize. (Telegraph article) (see Feb 3)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

Nuclear/Chemical News

February 2, 2019: after the US announced its intentions of withdrawing, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that it, too, would withdraw from the arms control pact.

The key points:

  • Russia would start work on new missiles, including hypersonic ones
  • US and Russia both alleged the other has violated the INF treaty
  • China urged dialogue amid fears of nuclear arms race

The Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty prevented the two superpowers from possessing, producing or test-flying ground-launched nuclear cruise missiles with a range of 500 to 5,500 kilometres. (see Feb 20)

February 2 Peace Love Art Activism

February 1 Music et al

February 1 Music et al

Ken Kesey

February 1 Music et al

February 1, 1962: Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest published.

In a 2012 review, the Daily Beast’s Nathaniel Rich said, “Kesey suggests that war is not only a cause of the patients’ trauma (“I was hurt by seeing things in the Army, in the war,” says Chief Bromden), but a result of it. The mechanization of society leads, inevitably, to a militant society. This is what happens in the ward, after all, where the patients wage an insurgency against Nurse Ratched and her staff.  (see September)

February 1 Music et al  

Louie, Louie

February 1, 1964: Billboard  magazine reported that Indiana Governor Matthew E. Welsh had declared the song “Louie, Louie” by the Kingsmen pornographic. He requested that the Indiana Broadcasters Association ban the record. Governor Welsh claimed that hearing the song made his “ears tingle.” (see Feb 8)


February 1 Music et al  

I Want To Hold Your Hand

February 1 Music et al

February 1 – March 30, 1964: “I Want To Hold Your Hand” by the Beatles #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was the first of 20 #1 Hot 100 Hits (a record) and the first of 71 Hot 100 hits. (see Feb 3)

February 1 Music et al  

Crimson and Clover

February 1 – 14, 1969: “Crimson and Clover” by Tommy James and the Shondells #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. “Crimson and Clover” entered the U.S. charts on December 14, where it stayed for 16 weeks on Billboard Hot 100 and 15 weeks on Cash Box Top 100. The band had performed the song on The Ed Sullivan Show on January 26, 1969.

February 1 Music et al  

We Are the World

February 1, 2010:   Following the magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake in Haiti, which devastated the area and killed thousands of people, it was agreed that the “We Are the World” song would be re-recorded by new artists, in the hope that it would reach a new generation and help benefit the people of Haiti. It was on this day taht “We Are The World 25 For Haiti” was recorded.

February 1 Music et al  

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Fourth Amendment

February 1, 1886:  in Boyd v US, the US Supreme Court held that “a search and seizure [was] equivalent [to] a compulsory production of a man’s private papers” and that the search was “an ‘unreasonable search and seizure’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.”

This case began the development of right to privacy protections. The U.S. Supreme Court held, in overturning a statute, that the forced production of, in this case, business records violated the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures and the Fifth Amendment protection against forced self incrimination. (see December 24, 1914)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Women’s Health

February 1, 1943: in Tileston v. Ullman, the Supreme Court upheld a Connecticut law banning the use of drugs or instruments that prevented conception. The attorney in the case was Morris Ernst  who was a pioneer in the fight for reproductive rights and against censorship. Twenty-two years later, in Griswold v. Connecticut, on June 7, 1965, the Court declared the Connecticut law unconstitutional and established a constitutional right to privacy.

Fuller Albright

In 1945: Harvard endocrinologist Fuller Albright wrote a seminal report that will come to be known as “Albright’s Prophecy.” As part of an analysis of serious menstrual disorders, he wrote that preventing ovulation prevents pregnancy and explored the possibility of “Women’s Health by hormone therapy.” (see August 30, 1949)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Pledge of Allegiance

Eisenhower baptized

February 1, 1953: President Eisenhower was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian church in a single ceremony.

Boulder Valley School District

February 1, 2018: the Boulder Valley School District (CO) placed Karen Smith, on paid leave after a student accused her of forcibly lifting  the student to his feet by his jacket when he refused to stand for the pledge. Smith then removed the student from the class.

Smith had been employed for 20 years as a physical education teacher. (see Pledge for expanded chronology)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

BLACK HISTORY

Henry Smith lynched

February 1, 1893: accused of raping and murdering a four-year-old girl, a posse hunted down Henry Smith was hunted down by a posse.

When returned to town, the local citizens proudly announced they would burn him alive. That boast was reported in news stories which traveled by telegraph and appeared in newspapers from coast to coast.

The killing of Smith was carefully orchestrated. On February 1, 1893, the townspeople constructed a large wooden platform near the center of town. And in view of thousands of spectators, Smith was tortured with hot irons for nearly an hour before being soaked with kerosene and set ablaze.

The extreme nature of Smith’s killing, and a celebratory parade that preceded it, received attention which included an extensive front-page account in the New York Times. And the noted anti-lynching journalist Ida B. Wells wrote about the Smith lynching in her landmark book, The Red Record.

“Never in the history of civilization has any Christian people stooped to such shocking brutality and indescribable barbarism as that which characterized the people of Paris, Texas, and adjacent communities on the first of February, 1893.”

Photographs of the torture and burning of Smith were taken and were later sold as prints and postcards. And according to some accounts, his agonized screams were recorded on a  primitive graphophone and later played before audiences as images of his killing were projected on a screen. (next BH & Lynching, see June 3, 1893 or see Chronology for expanded list of this era’s lynchings)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

February 1, 1956: on behalf of five African American women [Aurelia S. Browder, Claudette Colvin, Mary Louise Smith, Susie McDonald, and Jeanette Reese] who had been mistreated on city buses, Fred D. Gray and Charles D. Langford filed a Federal District Court petition that becomes Browder v. Gayle. It challenged the legality of separate seating on Montgomery’s municipal buses.  (BH, see Feb 2; B v G, see June 5, 1956; see MBB for expanded boycott chronology)

The Greensboro Four/1960

February 1 Peace Love Activism

February 1, 1960:  Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair, Jr. and David Richmond (The Greensboro Four) entered the F.W. Woolworth store in Greensboro, N.C., around 4:30 p.m. and purchased merchandise at several counters. They sat down at the store’s “whites only” lunch counter and ordered coffee, and were denied service, ignored and then asked to leave. They remained seated at the counter until the store closed early at 5 p.m. The four friends immediately returned to campus and recruited others for the cause. Greensboro chronology site  (BH, see Feb 2; sit-in victory, see Oct 17)

The Greensboro Four/1961

February 1, 1961: the students from Friendship Junior College and others who had picketed McCrory’s on Main Street in Rock Hill, North Carolina to protest the segregated lunch counters at the business on January 31, 1961 were convicted of trespassing and breach of the peace and sentenced to serve 30 days in jail or to pay a $100 fine. (BH, see Feb 9; Friendship 9, see January 28, 2015; see Greensboro for expanded chronology)

Voter registration arrests

February 1, 1965: Martin Luther King Jr, Ralph Abernathy, and more than 770 other Blacks were arrested in Selma while demonstrating against Alabama’s voter-registration requirements. About 500 of those arrested were students who stayed out of school and picketed a the Dallas County Courthouse. Neither King and Abernathy refused to be bonded out.  (MLK, see Feb 4)

George Whitmore, Jr

February 1, 1965: Whitmore’s former attorney, Jerome Leftow, and one of this current attorneys, Arthur H. Miller, revealed that Whitmore had been given “truth serum” (sodium amytal) at Bellevue Hospital and, while under the influence of the drug, had consistently maintained his innocence. The N.A.A.C.P. and ACLU asked Governor Nelson Rockefeller and FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to investigate the circumstances that led to Whitmore’s false confession in the Wylie-Hoffert case. (see Whitmore for expanded story) 

Harriet Tubman

February 1, 1978: Harriet Tubman became the 1st black woman honored on a US postage stamp. (see Feb 15)

Medgar Evers 1963 Assassination

February 1, 1994: the prosecution of Byron De La Beckwith finished with two more witnesses testifying that De La Beckwith had bragged about killing Evers. Mark Reiley was the sixth person to testify that Mr. Beckwith had boasted of or made reference to having killed Evers in 1963.  (see Feb 2)

Church Burning

February 1, 1996: in Louisiana four churches within a six-mile radius—Cypress Grove Baptist, St. Paul’s Free Baptist and Thomas Chapel Benevolent Society in East Baton Rouge as well as Sweet Home Baptist in Baker — were set on fire on the anniversary of the 1960 Greensborom, NC sit-in.  (BH see July 19; CB, see November 5, 2008)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

February 1 Music et al

Ken Kesey

February 1, 1962: Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest published. (see September)

Louie, Louie pornographic

February 1, 1964: Billboard  magazine reported that Indiana Governor Matthew E. Welsh had declared the song “Louie, Louie” by the Kingsmen pornographic. He requested that the Indiana Broadcasters Association ban the record. Governor Welsh claimed that hearing the song made his “ears tingle.” (see Louie Louie for expanded story) (next Teenage Culture, see Feb 8)

Beatles

February 1 Peace Love Activism

February 1 – March 30, 1964: “I Want To Hold Your Hand” by the Beatles #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was the first of 20 #1 Hot 100 Hits  and the first of 71 Hot 100 hits (see Feb 3)

Crimson and Clover

February 1 Peace Love Activism

February 1 – 14, 1969: “Crimson and Clover” by Tommy James and the Shondells #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

We Are The World 25 For Haiti

February 1 Peace Love Activism

February 1, 2010: “We Are The World 25 For Haiti” recorded

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Vietnam

LBJ pledges more effort

February 1, 1964: President Johnson said that he saw no chance of negotiating a peace for Southeast Asia, as proposed by French President de Gaulle, and instead pledged a greater effort in Vietnam. (see Mar 17)

Nguyễn Ngọc Loan

 

February 1, 1968: Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, a South Vietnamese National Police Chief executed a Viet Cong officer named Nguyễn Văn Lém. The event was photographed by Eddie Adams and made headlines around the world. It won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize and swayed U.S. public opinion against the war. (see photo; see Eddie Adams for more) (see Feb 2)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Feminism

February 1 Peace Love Activism

February 1, 1970: the feminist news journal off our backs published its first issue. (see June 11)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Iran hostage crisis

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

February 1, 1979: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Tehran, Iran after nearly 15 years of exile. (see Feb 11)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Doctor-assisted Suicide

February 1, 1996: the New England Journal of Medicine published  studies of physicians’ attitudes towards doctor-assisted suicide in Oregon and Michigan. The studies demonstrated that a large number of the physicians surveyed support, in some conditions, doctor-assisted suicide. (see JK for expanded chronology)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

CLINTON IMPEACHMENT

February 1, 1999: House prosecutors questioned Monica Lewinsky in a closed-door deposition; Clinton’s lawyer reads a statement to her expressing the president’s “regret” over what Lewinsky has gone through, but asks no questions. (see Clinton for expanded story)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

LGBTQ

February 1, 2008: a New York State appeals court unanimously voted that valid same-sex marriages performed in other states must be recognized by employers in New York, granting same-sex couples the same rights as other couples. (see Feb 2)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Native Americans

February 1, 2017: American University in Washington, DC, removed a statue of Native American activist Leonard Peltier–– incarcerated for the 1975 killings of two FBI agents––after the work prompted backlash from an organization representing federal officers as well as anonymous threats of violence. (see Mar 7)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Crime and Punishment

February 1, 2018: U.S. District Judge Mark Walker ruled that Florida’s system for barring former felons from voting was unconstitutional and potentially tainted by racial, political or religious bias.

Walker criticized the state panel led by Florida’s governor that decides whether to restore voting rights to people who have completed their sentences, saying their process is arbitrary and exceedingly slow.

“In Florida, elected, partisan officials have extraordinary authority to grant or withhold the right to vote from hundreds of thousands of people without any constraints, guidelines, or standards,” Walker wrote. “The question now is whether such a system passes constitutional muster. It does not.

“A person convicted of a crime may have long ago exited the prison cell and completed probation,” the judge continued in the 43-page order. “Her voting rights, however, remain locked in a dark crypt. Only the state has the key — but the state has swallowed it.”

“The judge did not rule on how the issue should be remedied — he will hold hearings on that in mid-February — but he said the voter restoration system must be changed as soon as possible.

Florida voters will restore the right to vote in the November 6 elections. (see Feb 21)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism

Nuclear/Chemical News

February 1, 2019:  Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the US was suspending one of the last major nuclear arms control treaties with Russia after conversations between the two powers recently failed to resolve a long-running accusation that Moscow was violating the Reagan-era treaty.   Pompeo cast the Russian government as unwilling to admit that a missile it had deployed near European borders violatd the terms of the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. (see Feb 2)

February 1 Peace Love Art Activism